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ODDR- radio > Physics 3 Legislation Rida > Flashcards

Physics 3 Legislation Rida Flashcards

1
Q

Where do our regulations come from?

A
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2
Q

What are the 3 core concepts of regulations?

A

Limitation
Justification
Optimisation

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3
Q

What limit must doses not exceed?

A

ICRP recommended limits

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4
Q

What is ALARP

A

Doses must be As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) taking into account economic and social factors

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5
Q

Who is the IRR 17 for

A

Staff and public

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6
Q

Who is IRMER 17 for

A

Patients

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7
Q

What 3 things are in the basic radiation protection?

A
  • Limit time working in the area when radiation is in use
  • Keep your distance from the source of radiation:The inverse square law
  • use shielding defences
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8
Q

What is the inverse square law

A

2 times as far away = reduce dose by 4 times 10 times as far away = reduce dose by 100 times

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9
Q

What 3 shielding defences can there be?

A

Permanent, portable, personal

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10
Q

Who is the IRR 17 enforced by

A

Health and safety executive (HSE)

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11
Q

What is the graded approach?

A

Notify HSE of work with ionising radiation, or seek Registration or Consent

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12
Q

What comes under notification?

A

Work in an atmosphere with a concentration of radon above a specified level

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13
Q

What comes under registration

A

• •
Registration
Operation of x-ray generating equipment Working with radiopharmaceuticals

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14
Q

What comes under consent

A

• Manufacturing of radiopharmaceuticals
• Administration of radiopharmaceuticals
• Operation of linear accelerator
• Use of High Activity Sealed Sources (HASS)

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15
Q

What underpins all other safety methods?

A

Radiation risk assessments

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16
Q

Why must a radiation risk assessment must be done?

A
  • Before new equipment is put into use
  • If there are any changes to the type of work / amount of work
  • On a regular basis
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17
Q

What must we identify in a risk assessment

A
  • Who is at risk
  • What the risks are (e.g. external irradiation, ingestion of radioactivity…)
  • Dose estimates for those at risk from normal operation
  • Reasonably foreseeable radiation accidents (identify them & dose calc)
  • Contingency plans for these radiation accidents
  • WRITE IT DOWN
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18
Q

What are the hierarchy of controls?

A
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19
Q

For every “reasonably forseeable radiation accident” there should be a ..

A

contingency plan in place to reduce likelihood of occurrence and reduce harm in the event that it does occur

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20
Q

Should contingency plans be rehearsed?

A

Yes, The frequency and nature of rehearsal depends on the risk.

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21
Q

What 5 things constitute the local rules?

A

• Systems of work to keep your radiation doses low
• RPS name
• Description of designated areas
• Investigation dose levels
• Contingency plans

22
Q

Who must read the local rules

A

Everyone who enters the controlled area must read them

23
Q

What is a RPS and what do they do?

A

Radiation protection supervisor (RPS)

The Employer must appoint (at least one) RPS
Their role is to ensure compliance with the Local Rules

24
Q

RPS should be:

A

• Suitable trained (they must understand the hazards and how to reduce risk)
• In day-to-day contact with the work (they need to supervise!)
• Sufficiently senior to be able to command authority
• Given sufficient resources (e.g. time) by the Employer to carry out their role

25
Q

What’s an RPA and what do they advise?

A

Radiation protection adviser
- risk assessment
- local rules
- contingency plans
- incident analysis
- personal dosimetry
- designation of areas
- plans for new installations

26
Q

How do we monitor personal dose?

A

• Directly measuring your radiation dose
• Estimating doses in a risk assessment
• Or a combination of the two!
- Sample monitoring for 3 months
- Compare to dose limits
- Include results in risk assessment

27
Q

What are the dose limits of the body, eye, skin and extremities of employees under and over 18 and others?

A
28
Q

What is the IRR17 dose limit that must not be exceeded for whole body

A

20 mSv

29
Q

What whole body effective dose is at classification level? (Not necessary for dentists)

A

6 mSv

30
Q

What whole body effective dose is at investigation level?

A

More than 1mSv per year

31
Q

What whole body effective dose is at typical dose level?

A

Less than 1mSv per year

32
Q

If a sign says radiation controlled area ☢️ what does this mean

A

• Follow special procedures to restrict radiation exposure
• Effective dose greater than 3/10th dose limit

• Effective dose could be greater than:
• 6mSv (whole body)
• Equivalent dose could be greater than:
• 15mSv (lens of eye)
• 150mSv (extremities / skin)

33
Q

What’s the easiest and most practical way to demarcate controlled areas?

A

Use the walls

34
Q

What are the 2 demarcations of controlled areas

A

1- dedicated dental X-ray room

Sole purpose of the room is for x-ray (e.g I/O, OPT, CBCT)
Designate entire room (including console area behind lead screen).
Whilst unit connected to mains

2- intraoral tube in dental clinic

Inappropriate to classify entire room
Designate 1.5m area around the tube
Need to be careful with control of access (responsibility of the operator of the x-ray equipment)

35
Q

Who is the IRMER 17 enforced by?

A

CQC

36
Q

Who are the 3 IRMER duty holders under the employer

A

Referrer - request the radiation exposure
Practitioner - justifies the exposure
Operator - performs the exposure

37
Q

What does the employer do/ not do

A

The Employer takes on overall responsibility for IRMER compliance. They can delegate tasks but they cannot delegate responsibility.

38
Q

what does the referrer do?

A

• Provide patient demographic information
• Provide a clinical history
• Specify exactly what imaging required
• Identify themselves
• Must not refer outside scope of practice

39
Q

What does the practitioner do?

A

• Is the clinical indication in line with referral criteria?
• Does the benefit outweigh the risk?
• Is there another modality that would be more appropriate?
• Has the patient recently had imaging that already provides the clinical information required?
• In most cases, the practitioner will be a dentist

40
Q

Who is an operator?

A

Anyone who has any impact on the successful outcome of a medical exposure
• Dentist
• Dental nurse
• Dental hygienist
• physics staff

41
Q

What does an operator do?

A

What does an Operator do?
• Identify the patient
• Set exposure factors
• Test the x-ray equipment
• Optimise image quality & dose

42
Q

The Employer is legally obliged to appoint one (or more) ____ in order to advise on compliance with IRMER17.

A

MPE
Medical physics expert

43
Q

What are the 5 stages of quality assurance testing?

A

Acceptance
Commissioning
Routine quality assurance
Decommissioning
Procurement

44
Q

What is a diagnostic reference level?

A

Typical dose for standard patient having a standard exam on standard equipment

45
Q

What is the national DRL

A

Enable benchmarking of practice against national standards.

46
Q

What is the local DRL

A

Enable comparison of performance of different equipment. Helps to target optimisation strategies

47
Q

What is the general technique for calculating local DRL

A

• Dose audit – get all patient doses in each x-ray room for a set period of time
• Calculate the mean/median patient dose for each exam
• Calculate the mean of room mean/medians
• This is your local DRL

48
Q

Why do many dental centres adopt the National DRLs as their local DRLs?

A

In dental radiography there is little variation in patient dose.

49
Q

How can we optimise imaging?

A

1) Select exposure parameters that reduce the dose to below the NDRL.
2) Optimise post-processing in order to improve displayed image quality.

50
Q

What if there accidental or unintended exposure?

A

CQC need to know , in leeds dent institute this is done on Datix

51
Q

Accidental vs unintended

A

Accidental = an individual received an exposure when no exposure of any kind was intended

Unintended = although an exposure was intended, the exposure they received was significantly greater or different to that intended.

52
Q

In extreme cases of non compliance with the IRMER what may the CQC issue?

A

Prohibition notice summary

ODDR- radio (7 decks)

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