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Physics Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
0
Q 
In a distance time graph how is :
Speed represent
Stationary/stopped represented
How fast
Going backwards
Acceleration and deceleration 
Speeding up
Slowing down
A 
Speed - gradient
Stationary - flat line
How fast - steeper the graph
Going back - downhill sections
Acceleration/deceleration - curved lines
Speeding up - steepening curve
Slowing down - levelling off
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1
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity

A

Speed is how fast you are going (e.g 30mph or 20m/s)

Velocity how fast you are going in a given direction (e.g 20m/s north)

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2
Q

How to calculate speed on distance time graphs

A

Speed = gradient = vertical/horizontal

E.g 500/30 = 16.7

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3
Q

What is acceleration

A

Acceleration is how quickly a velocity is changing

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4
Q

What is the acceleration formula

A 
Acceleration = change in velocity / time
      OR
Acceleration = (v-u)
                        -----
                        a x t
V= final velocity
U= initial velocity
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5
Q 
In a velocity time graph how is
Acceleration is represented
Steady speed
Acceleration/deceleration
Distance travelled in a time interval
Changing acceleration
A

Acceleration- gradient
Steady speed- flat sections
Acceleration- uphill sections
Deceleration- downhill sections

Distance travelled in a time interval - the area under any section of the graph

Changing acceleration- curve

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6
Q

How do you calculate acceleration from a velocity time graph

A

Acceleration=gradient= vertical change/horizontal change

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7
Q

How do you find out velocity from a velocity time graph

A

Simply found by reading the value of the velocity axis

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8
Q

How do you find the distance travelled on a velocity time graph.

A

It is equal to the area under the graph

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9
Q

What is gravitational force

A

It is the force of attraction between all masses

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10
Q

Gravity gives every thing a ……..

A

Weight

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11
Q

Gravity make all things accelerate towards the ground

What is the approximate acceleration ?

A

10m/s. ( on earth )

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12
Q

What is the difference between weight and mass ?

A

Mass - the amount of stuff in a object for any given object on any universe

Weight- is caused by the pull of gravitational force
The weight of an object is just the force pulling it towards the centre of the earth

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13
Q

What is the difference between weight on a different planet and mass on a different planet

A

Mass is the same any where on the universe

Weight is different depending on where it is

E.g 1kg mass will weigh less on the moon (1.6N) than it does on earth (10N) simply because the gravitational pull is less.

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14
Q

What is the unit for measuring gravity

And what is the equipment used for it

A

The unit for measuring gravity is: Newtons

It is measured using a Newton meter or a spring balance

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15
Q

What is the unit for mass

A

Kg (kilograms)

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16
Q

What is the formula for weight

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength

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17
Q

What is the units for weight

A

Newtons

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18
Q

What is earths gravitational field strength

A

g = 10N/kg

g - strength of gravity

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19
Q

What is the earths gravitational field strength

A

1.6 N

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20
Q

What is the resultant force

A

The overall force on a point or object

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21
Q

There are normally ……… Forces acting on a object

A

2 forces

The overall effect of these will decide its motion

E.g accelerate, decelerates or stays at a steady speed

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22
Q

If the forces are all acting along the same line
E.g parallel or opposite

how do you work out the overall force

A

Adding or subtracting them

E.g the resultant force on a stationary teapot with 10N pushing up and 10N pushing down

Then 10N - 10N = 0N

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23
Q

If something is stationary then all the forces are …..

A

Balanced

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24
Q

What does a resultant force mean ?

Not definition of what it is

A

It means a change in velocity

As if there is a resultant force acting on a object then it will change its state of rest or motion

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25
Q

If a car has a driving force of 1000N and a air resistance of 600N. Then what is the resultant force

A

400N

Because 1000N - 600N = 400N

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26
Q

If a resultant force on a stationary object is zero, the the object will …………. …………..

A

Remain stationary

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27
Q

If there is no resultant force there is no change in what ?

A

Velocity

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28
Q

If there is no resultant force on a MOVING object then …………..

A

The object will carry on moving at the same velocity

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29
Q

Formula for resultant force

A

F = ma. OR. A = f/m

F - resultant force in newtons
M - mass in kilograms
A - acceleration in meters per second square

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30
Q

What are reaction forces

A

When two objects interact the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

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31
Q

What is friction

A

Friction always slows things down

Friction always act in the opposite direction to movement

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32
Q

How to you get friction

A

Friction happens when there are two surfaces in contact

Or when a object passes through a fluid (drag)

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33
Q

How can you reduce drag

A

Keep the shape of the object streamlined

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34
Q

When does drag increase

A

When speed increases

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35
Q

How does terminal velocity work

A
  1. the object starts to fall
  2. The force of gravity is much more than the frictional force
  3. As the speed increases the friction builds up this gradually reduces acceleration
  4. Eventually the frictional force becomes equal to the accelerating force.
  5. This is when it reaches the maximum speed or terminal velocity
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36
Q

The terminal velocity of a object depends on it ………… And ……………

A

Shape and size

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37
Q

What is stopping distance

A

The total stopping time of a vehicle is the distance covered in the time between the driver first spotting a hazard and the vehicle coming to a complete stop.

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38
Q

What is thinking distance

A

The distance the vehicle travels during the drivers reaction time

Reaction time is the time between the driver spotting a hazard and taking action

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39
Q

What are the 2 factors that effect thinking distance

A
  1. How fast you are going

2. How dopey you are . E.g tiredness, drugs and drunk

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40
Q

What is braking distance

A

The distance the car travels under the breaking force.

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41
Q

What are the 4 main factors that effect braking distance

A
  1. How fast you are going
  2. How good your brakes are (minimum tread depth 1.6mm)
  3. How good the tyres are
  4. How good the grip is
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42
Q

What is meant by ‘ work done ‘

A

When a force moves an object through a distance ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED and WORK IS DONE

( basically when something moves something else is providing some sort of effort to move it )

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43
Q

What is the formula for work done

A

Work done = force x distance

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44
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

Is the energy that a object has by virtue of its vertical position in a gravitational field

(Work is done against the force of gravity because of the effort needed to lift a object. Which gains the object gravitational potential)

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45
Q

What is the formula for gravitational potential

A

Gpe = mass x g x height

Gpe = gravitational potential energy

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46
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

The energy of movement

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47
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy

A

Kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x speed

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48
Q

What does Ep stand for ?

A

It stands for gravitational potential energy

Ep and gpe are the same thing

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49
Q

What is the law on conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted into different forms

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50
Q

Kinetic energy transferred is ……… ………..

A

Work done

(For example when a car is moving it has a lot of kinetic energy.to slow the car down the kinetic energy needs to be converted into other types of energy)

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51
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy transferred

A

Kinetic energy transferred = work done by brakes

1/2mv² = F x D

M= mass of car passenger in kg
V= speed of car m/s
F= maximum braking force  in Newtons
D= braking distance in meters
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52
Q

What happens when something falls

A

It’s potential energy is converted into kinetic energy

so the further it falls the faster it goes

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53
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy gained

A

Kinetic energy gained = potential energy lost

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54
Q

Some kinetic energy is converted into ………. And ……….

A

Heat and sound

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55
Q

What happens when work is done to an elastic object

A

It is stored as elastic potential energy

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56
Q

When you apply a force to a object you may cause it to ……….. And …………. …… ………

A

Stretch and change shape

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57
Q

What is an object called if it can go back to its original shape after the force has been removed

A

An elastic object

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58
Q

When work is done to an elastic object to change its shape what happens to the energy

A

It is NOT lost but is stored by the object as elastic potential energy which is then converted to kinetic energy when the force is removed and the object returns back to original shape

E.g a spring or elastic band bouncing back

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59
Q

Extension of a elastic object is directly proportional to …………..

A

Force

E.g the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the load of force applied

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60
Q

What is the formula for force

A

F= k x e

K= spring constant
E= extension
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61
Q

What is the limit of proportionality for an elastic object

A

It is the maximum force a the elastic object can take and still expand proptionally

62
Q

What is power

A

Power is the rate of doing work
I.e how much per second

It is not how strong something is
E.g a powerful machine is a machine that can transfer a lot of energy in a short space of time

63
Q

What is the formula for power

A

Power = work done(energy transferred)/time taken

64
Q

What is power measured in

A

Power is measured in watts in or j/s

65
Q

What is one watt equal to

A

One watt = 1 joule of energy transfer per second

66
Q

How do you calculate your power output

There are 2 ways

A
  1. Energy transferred is the potential energy gained (mgh)
    Hence, power = mgh/time
  2. Energy transferred is the kinetic energy you gain = 1/2mv²
    Hence, power = 1/2mv² / time
67
Q

What is momentum

A

Momentum is the property of a moving object

68
Q

What is the formula for momentum

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

69
Q

The greater the mass of a object and the greater it’s velocity the more …………. It has

A

Momentum

70
Q

The total momentum before an event is ………. ……….. ……..

A

Is the same after an event

this is the conservation of momentum

71
Q

Momentum formula in a triangle

A

M x V

72
Q

What happens when a force acts on the object

A

It causes a change in momentum

73
Q

A larger force means

A

A faster change in momentum and so a greater acceleration

E.g in a car crash if the momentum changes very quickly the forces on the body will be very large

74
Q

What do brakes do

A

They do work against the kinetic energy in the car by :

- reducing the kinetic energy in the car by transferring it into heat and sound energy

75
Q

What is a regenerative braking system

A

They are used in electric and hybrid cars they make use of energy instead of converting it to heat or sound

76
Q

How do regenerative braking systems work

A

The brakes put the vehicles motor into reverse. With the motor going backwards the wheels are slowed down

At the same time the Motor acts as a electrical generator converting kinetic energy that is stored into chemical energy in the vehicles battery

77
Q

Cars are designed to covert ……… ……….. ……… In a crash

A

Kinetic energy safely

78
Q

What are crumple zones

A

The cars kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy by the car body as it changes shape

  • they increase the impact time decreasing the force produced by the change in momentum
79
Q

What are side impact bars

A

They are strong metal tubes fitted into car door panels.

They help direct the kinetic energy of the crash away from the passengers

80
Q

What are seat belts and what are they used for

A

Seat belts stretch slightly increasing time it takes for wearer (who’s wearing the seatbelt) to stop

This reduces the forces acting in the chest

Some of the energy is absorbed by the seatbelt stretching

81
Q

What are air bags and what are they used for

A

These are also used to slow the passenger down gradually

And to prevent you from hitting hard surfaces in the car

82
Q

What determines power rating on a car

( how fast it can go) there are 2

A
  1. Size and design of engines

2. If the car is aerodynamically designed ( if air flows easily and smoothly past it minimising air resistance)

83
Q

How is static electricity caused

A
  • It is caused by friction
  • when certain insulating materials are rubbed together, negatively charged electrons will be scraped off and dumped on the other
  • this will leave a positive static charge on one and a negative static charge on the other.
84
Q

2 examples of static electricity

A
  • With a polythene rod, electrons move from the duster to the rod
  • with a acetate rod, electrons move from the rod to the duster
85
Q

What are +VE and -VE charges produced electrostatic charges produced by ?

A

They are only ever produced by the movement of electrons.

Never the positive charges

86
Q

What happens when 2 opposite electric charges are attracted to each other

A

They will attract

87
Q

What happens when 2 of the same electric charges are together

A

They will repel

88
Q

Electrical charges can move easily through what material ?

A

Metals because they are good conductors

89
Q

What is current

A

Current is the flow of electric round a circuit

current will only flow if there is a potential difference

90
Q

What is the unit for current

A

Ampere , A

91
Q

What is potential difference

A

It is the driving force that pushes the current round

92
Q

What is potential difference measured in

A

Volts, V

93
Q

What is resistance

A

Resistance is anything in the circuit which slows the flow down.

94
Q

What is the unit for resistance

A

Ohms, Ω

95
Q

What happens if there is a great resistance

A

There is a small current that flows

96
Q

What is the formula for current

A

Current = charge/time

97
Q

What is the triangle formula for current

A

I x T

Q = charge
I = current
T= time
98
Q

What is the formula for potential difference

A

P.D. = work done / charge

99
Q

What is the triangle formula for potential difference

A

V x Q

W = work done 
V = potential difference
Q = charge
100
Q

A standard test circuit has ……..

3 things

A
  1. A ammeter must be place anywhere in the series
  2. But it must never be parallel like a voltmeter
  3. The voltmeter must be placed in parallel around the component under test. - not around the variable resistor or battery
101
Q

What is Potential difference graph for different resistors

A
  1. The current through the resistor is directly proportional which means that there are different resistors have different resistances hence the different slopes
102
Q

What is a potential difference graph with a filament light bulb

A

As the temperature of the filament increases the resistance increases hence the curve

103
Q

What is a potential difference graph with a diode

A

Current will only flow through A diode in one direction. The diode has very high resistance in opposite directions

104
Q

What does resistance increase with

A

Temperature

  • when a electrical charge flows through a resistor, some of the electrical energy is transferred to heat energy and the resistor gets hot
105
Q

What is the formula for potential difference

A

Potential difference = current x resistance

106
Q

What is a diode

A
  • A diode is a special material made from semiconductor materials such as silicone
  • Current only flows one way in a diode
  • It is used to regulate the potential difference in circuits
107
Q

What is a light emitting diode

LED

A

Are used for lighting as they use much less current

Current flows through it in a forward direction

108
Q

What is a light dependant resistor

LDR

A

Used for automatic night lights

They are dependant on intensity of light

109
Q

What are the properties of a series circuit

A
  • if you remove or disconnect one component the circuit breaks
  • connected in lines end to end between +VE and -VE
  • potential difference is shared ( voltage ) so voltage around a series circuit always add up
  • current is the same everywhere
  • resistance adds up
  • cell voltages add up
110
Q

What are the properties of a parallel circuit

A
  • each component is separately connected to the +VE and -VE of the supply
  • if a component is removed it will not effect circuit
  • potential difference is the same all across all components
  • current is shared between branches
  • ammeters are always arranged in a series circuit
  • voltmeter are always arranged in a parallel circuit
111
Q

Examples of series circuits

Example of parallel circuits

A
  • Christmas fairy lights ( series )

- Everything electrical in a car ( parallel )

112
Q

Mains supply is ……..

Battery supply is ……..

A 
Mains = a.c ( alternating currents )
Battery = d.c ( direct current )
113
Q

What is the U.Ks mains supply

A

230 volts

Also UKs main supply is a.c

A.c mains supply is 50 cycles per second OR 50Hz

114
Q

What is a cathode ray ossciliope

A
  • A voltmeter
  • on a.c supply
  • the trace goes up and down with a regular pattern
  • if you plug a d.c supply in. You will just get a straight line
115
Q

What is the formula for frequency

A

Frequency = 1 / time period

116
Q

How do you measure the time period on a oscilliope trace

A

Measure the horizontal distance between the two peaks

117
Q

Name 6 electrical hazards in the home

A
  1. Long cables
  2. Frayed cables
  3. Cables in contact of something hot or wet
  4. Water near sockets
  5. Shoving things into sockets
  6. Damaged plugs
118
Q

What are the 3 separate wires on the cable

A

Brown live wire:
- supplies alternates between +VE and -VE voltage
Blue neutral wire:
- is always at OV electricity flows normally flows in and out through the live and neutral wire only.
Green and yellow earth wire:
- used for protecting the wiring for safety
- works with fuse to prevent fire and shocks
- carries electricity to the earth and away from you if live or neutral wire touches metal

119
Q

What are the safety features of the plug

A
  1. The metal parts are made of copper or brass because they are good conductors
  2. The case and cables are made of rubber and plastic because they are good insulators
120
Q

How do earths and fuses prevent electrical over loads

A
  1. If a fault develops in which the live wire touches the metal. The metal is earthed so it will send the current to the earth.
  2. The surge in the current melts the fuse causing the circuit to break
  3. Fuses should be rated as high as possible for safety
121
Q

What does insulating materials make appliances

A

Double insulated

(this is because all cables are already in metal cases and earthed. If It has a plastic case and no metal showing it will make it double insulated)

122
Q

Advantages of circuit breakers

A
  • when circuit breakers detect a surge in current in circuit, they break the circuit by opening a switch ( however are more expensive )
  • can be easily reset by flicking a switch - more convenient than fuses
    Which have to be replaced after melting
123
Q

What is a residual current circuit breaker

( RCCBs) and its advantages

A
  • operate faster than a fuse
  • when it detects a difference in a current it quickly cuts off the power
  • can detect small current changes
124
Q

Anything which supplies electricity supplies …………

A

Energy

So cells , batteries and generators all transfer energy

125
Q

What do all resistors produce when a current flows through it

A

Heat

When a current flows through any electrical resistor. Then electrical energy is converted to heat energy

126
Q

What is meant if a appliance is ‘efficient’

A

It wastes less energy

These appliances transfer more of their total electrical energy output to useful energy.

  • however they do cost more, but will pay you back over time with the money you save
127
Q

What is the formula for energy transferred

A

Energy transferred = power x time

  • the total energy transferred by an appliance depends on how long the appliance is on and it’s power . The power is the energy that it uses per second
128
Q

What is the formula for electrical power

A

Power = current x potential difference
OR triangle formula which is

 P ----------    I x v
129
Q

What is the formula for energy transferred

A 
Energy transferred = charge x potential difference
           OR triangle formula 
    E
-------
Q x V
130
Q

What does a bigger change in p.d mean

A
  • more energy transferred

- battery will be bigger with a bigger voltage for more energy

131
Q

Number of protons are equal to the number of ………..

A

Electrons

132
Q

What was the plum pudding theory

A
  • Atoms were spheres with positive charges

- with tiny negative electrons stuck in them like plums in a pudding

133
Q

What did the two scientist which came up with the plum pudding theory would happen if they fired positive alpha particles into gold foil

A
  • they expected the positively charged alpha particles would be slightly deflected.
  • however most of the alpha particles went straight through and the odd one came back
  • this meant that most of the mass was concentrated at the centre
    in the tiny nucleus
  • it also showed that a tom is mostly empty space
134
Q

What is a isotope

A
  • Different forms of the same element

- they have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

135
Q

Where does background radiation come form

A
  1. Cosmic rays
  2. Man made sources e.g nuclear weapons and tests
  3. air, food and environment
136
Q

Why is being in high altitudes increase amount of radiation

A

Because there is more exposure to cosmic rays

137
Q

Why is being underground have a increase amount of radiation

A

It increases because of rocks all around

138
Q

What are alpha particles

A

Helium nuclei

  • 2 neutrons and 2 protons
  • relatively big and slow moving
139
Q

What are beta particles

A

Electrons

  • quite fast and small
  • penetrate moderately into material
140
Q

What are gamma rays

A

Very short wave lengths - EM waves

  • penetrate far into materials
  • pass straight through air
141
Q

Alpha particles and beta particles are deflected by what ?

A

Magnetic fields

This is because alpha particles are positive and beta particles are negative, so when they travel through a magnetic field they will be deflected because of opposite charges

142
Q

What is a half life

A

Is the average time it takes for the number of nuclei in a radioactive isotope sample to halve

143
Q

What are the uses of alpha particles

A

Smoke detectors:

  • a weak source of alpha particles are placed into smoke detectors
  • close to 2 electrodes
  • the source causes ionisation and a current flows between electrodes.
144
Q

What are the uses of beta and gamma

A

Tracers in medicine

145
Q

2 uses of gamma rays

A

Radiotherapy - to treat cancer and kill cancer cells

Sterilisation of food and surgical instruments

146
Q

How does radiation damage living cells

A
  • they can collide with molecules which can destroy or damage molecules
  • which can cause mutant cells which is cancer
147
Q

Why is radiation good for the body

A

They can kill cancer cells

148
Q

Why are beta and gamma rays dangerous outside the body

A

Because they can penetrate through skin and damage delicate organs

149
Q

Why are alpha particles dangerous inside the body

A

Because they damage a very localised area

Whilst gamma and beta normally pass straight through

150
Q

What are the safety precautions for holding radioactive materials

A
  1. Only use for short time so you are not exposed for too long
  2. Never allow skin contact
  3. Store in lead boxes as lead absorbs radiatio
151
Q

What is the life cycle of a star if it is the same size as the sun

A
  1. Stars initially form from dust and gas
  2. They spiral together to become a protostar
  3. The star goes through a stable period at this point due to balanced forces
  4. Soon forces become unbalanced and gases run out, so the star swells up into a red giant (same size of the sun )
  5. Which will then become a white dwarf and eventually a black dwarf
152
Q

What is nuclear fission

A

The splitting of a neutron into 2 or more pieces

153
Q

What is the life cycle of a star if it is bigger than the sun

A
  1. Stars initially form from dust and gas
  2. They spiral together to become a protostar
  3. The star goes through a stable period at this point due to balanced forces
  4. Soon forces become unbalanced and gases disappear, so the star swells up into a red SUPER giant
  5. big stars become a supernova as they undergo more fusion and expand
  6. They become a neutron star and when big enough this will turn into a black hole

Additional Physics (1 decks)

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