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FINALS > PHYSICS > Flashcards

PHYSICS Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

occupies space and has mass, physical quantity of matter is mass, SI unit for mass is the kilogram

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2
Q

space

A

measurement of space is distance, measurement of space is displacement, SI unit of distance is the meter

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3
Q

distance is

A

a one dimensional property

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4
Q

area is

A

a two dimensional measure

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5
Q

density is

A

mass per unit volume

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6
Q

velocity is

A

m/sec

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7
Q

acceleration is

A

m/sec^2

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8
Q

force is

A

mass x acceleration

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9
Q

electrostatic force is

A

critical to radiation interactions, the force between charged particles, referred to as coulomb force

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10
Q

work is the application of a force through a distance and is measured using a unit called

A

joule

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11
Q

kinetic energy is

A

energy of motion

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12
Q

potential energy is

A

energy of position

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13
Q

law of conservation of energy states

A

energy is never created or destroyed, only changed from one type to another

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14
Q

what is the acceleration of an object if its mass is 5 kilograms and the force impressed on the object is 10 newtons? (1N=kg x m/sec^2)

A

2.0 m/sec^2

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15
Q

what is the atomic number (Z)?

A

the sum of the protons in the nucleus

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16
Q

what is the atomic mass number (A)

A

the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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17
Q

nuclides with identical Z are called

A

isotopes

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18
Q

nuclides in an excited “excess” energy state are called

A

isomers or metastable

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19
Q

regarding isotopes

A

isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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20
Q

when an electron is removed from an atom, the atom is said to be

A

ionized

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21
Q

the maximum number of electrons in the K shell

A

2

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22
Q

the maximum number of electrons in the L shell

A

8

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23
Q

any increase in electron energy that raises an electron to a higher energy level is referred to as

A

excited

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24
Q

atoms with their electrons in the lowest allowable energy levels are

A

at ground state

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25
an electron volt (eV) is
the kinetic energy gained by an electron (with a charge of 1 e) after being accelerated through a potential difference of one volt
26
the half value layer (HVL) is defined as
the thickness required for a particular material to cut the beams intensity to 50%
27
linear accelerator xrays are in the following energy range
4-23 mV
28
W.K. Roentgen discovered x-rays in
1895
29
the linear attenuation coefficient is
the mass attenuation coefficient divided by the density of the material
30
collisional interactions result in
characteristic xray production
31
radiative interactions result in
bremsstrahlung production
32
the inverse square law suggests that
the beam intensity gets smaller as the distance increases
33
the quality of a diagnostic or other low energy xray beam is usually determined by measuring
the half value layer in mm aluminum
34
orthovoltage xrays are in the following energy range
150-400 keV
35
xrays have basic properties that are
unaffected by gravity (they have no mass), unaffected by electric fields, unaffected by magnetic fields, they travel in straight lines.
36
superficial xrays are in the following energy range
50-150 keV
37
in a low energy heterogeneous xray beam when the effective energy or HVL increases as it passes through a filter is called
beam hardening
38
thermionic emission is
a process whereby a filament is heated to a sufficient temperature to emit electrons
39
good absorbers of neutrons are
borated polyethylene
40
which chamber type is used to determine surface dose
extrapolation chamber
41
the depth dose in water will be the greatest for which beam quality
linear acceleration photons
42
the half value layer (HVL) is defined as
the thickness required for a particular material to cut the beams intensity to 50%
43
which of the following was the earliest radiation unit
erythema dose
44
TRUE OR FALSE in order for a thimble chamber to be air equivalent the atomic number of the wall and electrode system need to be the same as air
TRUE
45
a bending magnet in a linear accelerator is used to
deflects the pencil like beam of electrons in a loop of 270 degrees
46
the roentgen is a unit of
exposure
47
which chamber type is best used to calibrate a linear accelerator?
farmer chamber
48
the major advantage of high energy protons is their characteristic distribution of dose with depth. the region of high dose at the end of the particle range is called the
bragg peak
49
erythema is defined as
the amount of radiaion necessary to redden the skin of a white skinned patient
50
the SI units of a roentgen are
2.58 x 10^-4 coulombs/kg of dry air
51
TRUE OR FALSE | a standing waveguide has a shorter acclerating tube which is an advantage for clinical linear accelerators
TRUE
52
TRUE OR FALSE a traveling waveguide has a longer accelerating tube based upon the need for higher energy and is not the optimal waveguide assembly for clinical linear accelerators
TRUE
53
one inherent limit of using the roentgen as a unit of radiation measurement is
the highest energy that can be measured is < 3 MeV
54
electrometers are used to measure
charge or current using an ionization chamber
55
electronic equilibrium is described as
the point at which equal numbers of electrons are being stopped and driven forward or where kerma equals dose
56
when calibrating a linear accelerator, an ionization chamber is sensitive to the following
temperature, pressure, chamber calibration factor
57
polarization voltage or bias voltage is applied to an ionization chamber to
reduce ion recombination
58
the electron gun of a linear accelerator
produces electrons & electrons start at rest in the gun, and gain enough energy to approach the speed of light, after having been accelerated by microwaves
59
regarding isotones
they have identical number of neutrons (N)
60
nuclides with identical mass numbers (A) are referred to as
isobars
61
any increase in electron energy that raises an electron to a higher energy level is referred to as
excited
62
simple, thompson, or coherent scattering:
occurs with very low energy photons, such as light, incoming photons are absorbed by the atom's outermost shell of electrons, cannot remove an electron, incident x-ray is deflected without loss of energy (has the same energy)
63
which of the following statements is not true of the photoelectric effect
cannot eject an electron
64
the probability of the photoelectric effect taking place depends on
the energy of the incoming photon (E) and the atomic number (Z) of the material
65
the fact that bones are easiest to see on an xray are due to
photoelectric effect
66
a photon interaction in which energy is both absorbed and scattered is
compton effect
67
a photon interaction takes place whereby some of the energy of the incoming photon knocks the electron out of the atom, leaving behind a positively charged ion. the remaining energy emerges as a new photon with reduced energy and a change of direction. this photon interaction is
compton effect
68
an incoming photon of at least 1.02 MeV interacts with the nuclear field producing an electron positron pair. this photon interaction is
pair production
69
the wavelength of an electron or gamma ray, relative to a radio wave is
shorter
70
annihilation interaction occurs with the following photon interaction
pair production
71
which has a lower electron density
lung
72
specific activity of a radioactive source is defined as
the activity per unit mass of a radionuclide
73
what is the activity of a 10 curie Ir-192 source after 74 days (t 1/2 = 74 days)
5.0 Ci
74
grenz rays are in the following energy range
5-15 keV
75
direct ionizing radiation consists of
electrons, protons and alpha particles
76
indirect ionizing radiation consists of
neutrons & photons
77
an example of non-ionizing radiation is
microwave
78
the nucleus of an atom is made up of two types of particles
protons and neutrons
79
presence of characteristic xrays depend on
atomic number (Z) of the target material and KVp
80
a polyenergetic or heterogeneous beam of xrays are made up of
multiple energies
81
a monoenergetic or homogeneous beam of xrays are made up of
same energies

FINALS (4 decks)

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