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FINALS > PHYSICS > Flashcards

PHYSICS Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

occupies space and has mass, physical quantity of matter is mass, SI unit for mass is the kilogram

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2
Q

space

A

measurement of space is distance, measurement of space is displacement, SI unit of distance is the meter

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3
Q

distance is

A

a one dimensional property

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4
Q

area is

A

a two dimensional measure

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5
Q

density is

A

mass per unit volume

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6
Q

velocity is

A

m/sec

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7
Q

acceleration is

A

m/sec^2

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8
Q

force is

A

mass x acceleration

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9
Q

electrostatic force is

A

critical to radiation interactions, the force between charged particles, referred to as coulomb force

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10
Q

work is the application of a force through a distance and is measured using a unit called

A

joule

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11
Q

kinetic energy is

A

energy of motion

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12
Q

potential energy is

A

energy of position

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13
Q

law of conservation of energy states

A

energy is never created or destroyed, only changed from one type to another

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14
Q

what is the acceleration of an object if its mass is 5 kilograms and the force impressed on the object is 10 newtons? (1N=kg x m/sec^2)

A

2.0 m/sec^2

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15
Q

what is the atomic number (Z)?

A

the sum of the protons in the nucleus

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16
Q

what is the atomic mass number (A)

A

the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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17
Q

nuclides with identical Z are called

A

isotopes

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18
Q

nuclides in an excited “excess” energy state are called

A

isomers or metastable

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19
Q

regarding isotopes

A

isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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20
Q

when an electron is removed from an atom, the atom is said to be

A

ionized

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21
Q

the maximum number of electrons in the K shell

A

2

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22
Q

the maximum number of electrons in the L shell

A

8

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23
Q

any increase in electron energy that raises an electron to a higher energy level is referred to as

A

excited

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24
Q

atoms with their electrons in the lowest allowable energy levels are

A

at ground state

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25
Q

an electron volt (eV) is

A

the kinetic energy gained by an electron (with a charge of 1 e) after being accelerated through a potential difference of one volt

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26
Q

the half value layer (HVL) is defined as

A

the thickness required for a particular material to cut the beams intensity to 50%

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27
Q

linear accelerator xrays are in the following energy range

A

4-23 mV

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28
Q

W.K. Roentgen discovered x-rays in

A

1895

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29
Q

the linear attenuation coefficient is

A

the mass attenuation coefficient divided by the density of the material

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30
Q

collisional interactions result in

A

characteristic xray production

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31
Q

radiative interactions result in

A

bremsstrahlung production

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32
Q

the inverse square law suggests that

A

the beam intensity gets smaller as the distance increases

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33
Q

the quality of a diagnostic or other low energy xray beam is usually determined by measuring

A

the half value layer in mm aluminum

34
Q

orthovoltage xrays are in the following energy range

A

150-400 keV

35
Q

xrays have basic properties that are

A

unaffected by gravity (they have no mass), unaffected by electric fields, unaffected by magnetic fields, they travel in straight lines.

36
Q

superficial xrays are in the following energy range

A

50-150 keV

37
Q

in a low energy heterogeneous xray beam when the effective energy or HVL increases as it passes through a filter is called

A

beam hardening

38
Q

thermionic emission is

A

a process whereby a filament is heated to a sufficient temperature to emit electrons

39
Q

good absorbers of neutrons are

A

borated polyethylene

40
Q

which chamber type is used to determine surface dose

A

extrapolation chamber

41
Q

the depth dose in water will be the greatest for which beam quality

A

linear acceleration photons

42
Q

the half value layer (HVL) is defined as

A

the thickness required for a particular material to cut the beams intensity to 50%

43
Q

which of the following was the earliest radiation unit

A

erythema dose

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
in order for a thimble chamber to be air equivalent the atomic number of the wall and electrode system need to be the same as air

A

TRUE

45
Q

a bending magnet in a linear accelerator is used to

A

deflects the pencil like beam of electrons in a loop of 270 degrees

46
Q

the roentgen is a unit of

A

exposure

47
Q

which chamber type is best used to calibrate a linear accelerator?

A

farmer chamber

48
Q

the major advantage of high energy protons is their characteristic distribution of dose with depth. the region of high dose at the end of the particle range is called the

A

bragg peak

49
Q

erythema is defined as

A

the amount of radiaion necessary to redden the skin of a white skinned patient

50
Q

the SI units of a roentgen are

A

2.58 x 10^-4 coulombs/kg of dry air

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

a standing waveguide has a shorter acclerating tube which is an advantage for clinical linear accelerators

A

TRUE

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
a traveling waveguide has a longer accelerating tube based upon the need for higher energy and is not the optimal waveguide assembly for clinical linear accelerators

A

TRUE

53
Q

one inherent limit of using the roentgen as a unit of radiation measurement is

A

the highest energy that can be measured is < 3 MeV

54
Q

electrometers are used to measure

A

charge or current using an ionization chamber

55
Q

electronic equilibrium is described as

A

the point at which equal numbers of electrons are being stopped and driven forward or where kerma equals dose

56
Q

when calibrating a linear accelerator, an ionization chamber is sensitive to the following

A

temperature, pressure, chamber calibration factor

57
Q

polarization voltage or bias voltage is applied to an ionization chamber to

A

reduce ion recombination

58
Q

the electron gun of a linear accelerator

A

produces electrons & electrons start at rest in the gun, and gain enough energy to approach the speed of light, after having been accelerated by microwaves

59
Q

regarding isotones

A

they have identical number of neutrons (N)

60
Q

nuclides with identical mass numbers (A) are referred to as

A

isobars

61
Q

any increase in electron energy that raises an electron to a higher energy level is referred to as

A

excited

62
Q

simple, thompson, or coherent scattering:

A

occurs with very low energy photons, such as light, incoming photons are absorbed by the atom’s outermost shell of electrons, cannot remove an electron, incident x-ray is deflected without loss of energy (has the same energy)

63
Q

which of the following statements is not true of the photoelectric effect

A

cannot eject an electron

64
Q

the probability of the photoelectric effect taking place depends on

A

the energy of the incoming photon (E) and the atomic number (Z) of the material

65
Q

the fact that bones are easiest to see on an xray are due to

A

photoelectric effect

66
Q

a photon interaction in which energy is both absorbed and scattered is

A

compton effect

67
Q

a photon interaction takes place whereby some of the energy of the incoming photon knocks the electron out of the atom, leaving behind a positively charged ion. the remaining energy emerges as a new photon with reduced energy and a change of direction. this photon interaction is

A

compton effect

68
Q

an incoming photon of at least 1.02 MeV interacts with the nuclear field producing an electron positron pair. this photon interaction is

A

pair production

69
Q

the wavelength of an electron or gamma ray, relative to a radio wave is

A

shorter

70
Q

annihilation interaction occurs with the following photon interaction

A

pair production

71
Q

which has a lower electron density

A

lung

72
Q

specific activity of a radioactive source is defined as

A

the activity per unit mass of a radionuclide

73
Q

what is the activity of a 10 curie Ir-192 source after 74 days (t 1/2 = 74 days)

A

5.0 Ci

74
Q

grenz rays are in the following energy range

A

5-15 keV

75
Q

direct ionizing radiation consists of

A

electrons, protons and alpha particles

76
Q

indirect ionizing radiation consists of

A

neutrons & photons

77
Q

an example of non-ionizing radiation is

A

microwave

78
Q

the nucleus of an atom is made up of two types of particles

A

protons and neutrons

79
Q

presence of characteristic xrays depend on

A

atomic number (Z) of the target material and KVp

80
Q

a polyenergetic or heterogeneous beam of xrays are made up of

A

multiple energies

81
Q

a monoenergetic or homogeneous beam of xrays are made up of

A

same energies

FINALS (4 decks)

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