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Introduction To Radiotherapy - Physics > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Protons

A

Positive Charge, Define the element

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2
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral charge, dictate isotopes

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3
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge, dictate chemical reactivity

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4
Q

Matter

A

Anything with a mass and volume

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5
Q

What Is matter composed of?

A

Elements and compounds

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6
Q

Elements

A

Pure substances with one type of atom

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7
Q

Compounds

A

Chemically bonded elements fixed ratios

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8
Q

What are the two types of molecules?

A

Element molecules and compound molecules

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9
Q

Element molecules

A

Atoms of the same element

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10
Q

Compound molecules

A

Atoms of different elements

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11
Q

How is the periodic table organised

A

By atomic number and properties

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12
Q

Periodic table groups

A

Share similar properties due to valence electrons

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13
Q

Periodic table periods

A

Represent increasing atomic number and electron shells

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14
Q

Key trends in the periodic table

A

Electronegativity, ionisation energy, atomic radius

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15
Q

Valence electrons

A

Define chemical interactions

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16
Q

Electron excitation

A

Electrons absorb energy and move to higher levels, releasing photons upon return

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17
Q

Ionisation

A

Formation of ions by gaining or losing electrons

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18
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored due to position or state

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19
Q

Types of potential energy

A

Gravitational, chemical, elastic

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20
Q

Potential energy formula

A

PE = mgh

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21
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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22
Q

Kinetic energy formula

A

KE = ½MV²

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23
Q

Heat transfers via

A

Conduction, convection and radiation

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24
Q

Specific heat capacity and thermal capacity

A

Describe how substances absorb heat

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25
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation Characteristic

A

Includes light and xrays
Defined by wavelength, frequency, and amplitude
EMR travels at a constant speed

26
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation Properties

A

Inverse Square law: intensity decreases with the square of distance.
Gamma rays are used in medicine

27
Q

Ground state

A

The ground state is the most stable configuration of an atom, where electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels
Electrons fill starting with the lowest energy levels

28
Q

Energy Absorption

A

Energy can be absorbed from heat, light, and electricity
A photon must have equal energy to the energy gap between two levels

29
Q

Energy Absorption Formula

A

E=hv

30
Q

Transition to excited state

A

Energy absorption allows the electronic to overcome the energy balance
The electron shifts to a state further from the nucleus
The excited state is unstable, and the electron typically returns to the ground state

31
Q

Excited State Characteristics

A

Unstable the electron remains in this state
Multiple levels if sufficient energy is absorbed

32
Q

Excited State Implications

A

Excited atoms may participate in specific reactions

33
Q

Return to ground state energy release

A

When the electron drops back to a lower energy level, it releases absorbed energy

34
Q

Return to ground state emission spectrum

A

The emitted photons have specific energy corresponding to spectral lines
This forms the basis for spectroscopy

35
Q

Uses for electron excitation

A

Spectroscopy, fluorescene, photochemistry, lasers

36
Q

X-Ray tube components

A

Glass/Metal enclosure
Cathode
Anode
Vacuum
Induction Motor

37
Q

Glass/Metal Enclosure

A

Maintains vacuum, dissipates heat

38
Q

Cathode

A

Negative end, produces electrons via thermionic emission

39
Q

Anode

A

Positive end, the target where x-rays are produces

40
Q

Vacuum

A

Ensures unimpeded electron flow and prevents oxidation

41
Q

Induction Motor

A

Rotates the anode for heat distribution

42
Q

X-ray tube materials

A

Tungsten, Metal tubes

43
Q

Tungsten

A

High melting point, excellent for filaments and anodes targets

44
Q

Metal Tubes

A

More durable, better heat management, reduced arching

45
Q

Anode Types

A

Stationary, Rotating

46
Q

Stationary Anode

A

Older designs, limited heat capacity

47
Q

Rotating Anode

A

Modern design, spreads heats, supports higher energy techniques

48
Q

Cooling Techniques

A

Conduction, Convection, Radiation
Assisted by oil, fans and heat exchange

49
Q

Electron Emission Processes

A

Thermionic Emission, Space Charge Effect

50
Q

Thermionic Emission

A

Heated tungsten filament emits electrons, Thorium added to reduce melting risk

51
Q

Space Charge Effect

A

Excess electron cloud limits further emission, managed by increasing anode voltage

52
Q

Electron Excitements

A

High speed electrons collide with tungsten anode, producing x-rays and heat

53
Q

Tube Housing Protection

A

Electrical: Mineral oil
Thermal: Oil dissipates heat
Radiation: Lead lining

54
Q

Tube Housing designs

A

Hooded anodes

55
Q

Hooded Anodes

A

Reduces undesired x-ray emissions
Improves beam focus

56
Q

Hooded Anodes Purposes

A

Radiation Shielding, Beam focus and quality

57
Q

Hooded Anodes Features

A

Anodes Structure, Large Filament, Window Placement

58
Q

X-Ray Properties Characteristics

A

No mass, no electrical charge, unaffected by electric or magnetic fields, travels in straight lines

59
Q

X-Ray Production Mechanisms

A

Bremsstrahlung Radiation, Characteristic Radiation

60
Q

X-Ray Generation Key Processes

A

Filament Heating, Electron Acceleration, Collision with the anode

61
Q

Bremsstrahlung Radiation Features

A

Produces a range of photon energies, higher beam X-rays have shorter wavelengths

62
Q
A

Introduction To Radiotherapy - Physics (1 decks)

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