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Introduction To Radiotherapy - Physics > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Protons

A

Positive Charge, Define the element

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2
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral charge, dictate isotopes

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3
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge, dictate chemical reactivity

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4
Q

Matter

A

Anything with a mass and volume

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5
Q

What Is matter composed of?

A

Elements and compounds

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6
Q

Elements

A

Pure substances with one type of atom

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7
Q

Compounds

A

Chemically bonded elements fixed ratios

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8
Q

What are the two types of molecules?

A

Element molecules and compound molecules

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9
Q

Element molecules

A

Atoms of the same element

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10
Q

Compound molecules

A

Atoms of different elements

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11
Q

How is the periodic table organised

A

By atomic number and properties

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12
Q

Periodic table groups

A

Share similar properties due to valence electrons

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13
Q

Periodic table periods

A

Represent increasing atomic number and electron shells

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14
Q

Key trends in the periodic table

A

Electronegativity, ionisation energy, atomic radius

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15
Q

Valence electrons

A

Define chemical interactions

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16
Q

Electron excitation

A

Electrons absorb energy and move to higher levels, releasing photons upon return

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17
Q

Ionisation

A

Formation of ions by gaining or losing electrons

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18
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy stored due to position or state

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19
Q

Types of potential energy

A

Gravitational, chemical, elastic

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20
Q

Potential energy formula

A

PE = mgh

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21
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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22
Q

Kinetic energy formula

A

KE = ½MV²

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23
Q

Heat transfers via

A

Conduction, convection and radiation

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24
Q

Specific heat capacity and thermal capacity

A

Describe how substances absorb heat

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25
Electromagnetic Radiation Characteristic
Includes light and xrays Defined by wavelength, frequency, and amplitude EMR travels at a constant speed
26
Electromagnetic Radiation Properties
Inverse Square law: intensity decreases with the square of distance. Gamma rays are used in medicine
27
Ground state
The ground state is the most stable configuration of an atom, where electrons occupy the lowest available energy levels Electrons fill starting with the lowest energy levels
28
Energy Absorption
Energy can be absorbed from heat, light, and electricity A photon must have equal energy to the energy gap between two levels
29
Energy Absorption Formula
E=hv
30
Transition to excited state
Energy absorption allows the electronic to overcome the energy balance The electron shifts to a state further from the nucleus The excited state is unstable, and the electron typically returns to the ground state
31
Excited State Characteristics
Unstable the electron remains in this state Multiple levels if sufficient energy is absorbed
32
Excited State Implications
Excited atoms may participate in specific reactions
33
Return to ground state energy release
When the electron drops back to a lower energy level, it releases absorbed energy
34
Return to ground state emission spectrum
The emitted photons have specific energy corresponding to spectral lines This forms the basis for spectroscopy
35
Uses for electron excitation
Spectroscopy, fluorescene, photochemistry, lasers
36
X-Ray tube components
Glass/Metal enclosure Cathode Anode Vacuum Induction Motor
37
Glass/Metal Enclosure
Maintains vacuum, dissipates heat
38
Cathode
Negative end, produces electrons via thermionic emission
39
Anode
Positive end, the target where x-rays are produces
40
Vacuum
Ensures unimpeded electron flow and prevents oxidation
41
Induction Motor
Rotates the anode for heat distribution
42
X-ray tube materials
Tungsten, Metal tubes
43
Tungsten
High melting point, excellent for filaments and anodes targets
44
Metal Tubes
More durable, better heat management, reduced arching
45
Anode Types
Stationary, Rotating
46
Stationary Anode
Older designs, limited heat capacity
47
Rotating Anode
Modern design, spreads heats, supports higher energy techniques
48
Cooling Techniques
Conduction, Convection, Radiation Assisted by oil, fans and heat exchange
49
Electron Emission Processes
Thermionic Emission, Space Charge Effect
50
Thermionic Emission
Heated tungsten filament emits electrons, Thorium added to reduce melting risk
51
Space Charge Effect
Excess electron cloud limits further emission, managed by increasing anode voltage
52
Electron Excitements
High speed electrons collide with tungsten anode, producing x-rays and heat
53
Tube Housing Protection
Electrical: Mineral oil Thermal: Oil dissipates heat Radiation: Lead lining
54
Tube Housing designs
Hooded anodes
55
Hooded Anodes
Reduces undesired x-ray emissions Improves beam focus
56
Hooded Anodes Purposes
Radiation Shielding, Beam focus and quality
57
Hooded Anodes Features
Anodes Structure, Large Filament, Window Placement
58
X-Ray Properties Characteristics
No mass, no electrical charge, unaffected by electric or magnetic fields, travels in straight lines
59
X-Ray Production Mechanisms
Bremsstrahlung Radiation, Characteristic Radiation
60
X-Ray Generation Key Processes
Filament Heating, Electron Acceleration, Collision with the anode
61
Bremsstrahlung Radiation Features
Produces a range of photon energies, higher beam X-rays have shorter wavelengths
62

Introduction To Radiotherapy - Physics (1 decks)

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