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FRCA Definitions > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute humidity

A

The mass of water vapour present in a particular sample of air at a given temperature.
kg/m-3

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2
Q

Absolute zero

A

The coldest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and all thermal motion stops
0K, -273celcius

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3
Q

Ampere

A

SI Unit of electric current
The current that produces a force of 2x10-7 newtons/m between two parallel wires or infinite length 1m apart in a vacuum

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4
Q

Boiling point

A

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding ambient pressure and the liquid changes into a vapour

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5
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1g of water by 1celcius

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6
Q

Candela

A

The SI unit of luminous intensity

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7
Q

Coulomb

A

The unit of charge
1C is the amount of charge passing a given point per second when 1A of current is flowing

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8
Q

Critical Temperature

A

The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone

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9
Q

Freezing point

A

The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of specified composition are in equilibrium at a given pressure

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10
Q

Force

A

That which changes a body’s state of rest of motion
F=ma
N=kg/m/s-2

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11
Q

Gas

A

A substance which is above its critical temperature

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12
Q

Heat capacity

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1C
specific heat capacity x mass of body

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13
Q

Hertz

A

Derived SI unit of frequency
1 Hz is 1 cycle/second

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14
Q

Joule

A

Derived SI unit of energy
1J is 1Nm

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15
Q

Kelvin

A

The SI unit of temp

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16
Q

Kilogram

A

SI unit of mass

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17
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy a body possesses because of its motion

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18
Q

Latent heat

A

The energy released or absorbed by a substance when it changes phase at a given temperature

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19
Q

Latent heat of vaporisation

A

The amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid at its boiling point into vapour without an increase in temperature

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20
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter contained in a body

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21
Q

Metre

A

SI unit of length

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22
Q

Mole

A

SI unit of amount of substance
6X10^23 particles

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23
Q

Momentum

A

mass x velocity

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24
Q

Newton

A

Derived SI unit of force

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25
Q

Ohm

A

Derived SI unit of electrical resistance
R=V/I

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26
Q

Pascal

A

SI unit of pressure

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27
Q

pH

A

The negative log to the base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

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28
Q

Potential energy

A

The potential of that body to do work

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29
Q

Power

A

The rate of doing work
Watt = J/s

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30
Q

Pressure

A

Force per unit area

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31
Q

Relative humidity

A

The mass of water in a given volume of air, expressed as a percentage of the maximum mass of water that the air could hold at a given temperature

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32
Q

Resistance

A

Property of a conductor to oppose the flow of current through it
Ohm

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33
Q

Saturated vapour pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a vapour when in contact with and in equilibrium with its liquid phase within a closed system at a given temperature

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34
Q

Second

A

SI unit of time

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35
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1C

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36
Q

Triple point of water

A

The temperature and pressure at which water exists in equilibrium as liquid water, solid ice and water vapour
0.01C, 611Pa

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37
Q

Vapour

A

A substance in the gas phase below its critical temperature

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38
Q

Volt

A

Derived SI unit of electrical potential
1 Volt is the potential difference between two points of a conducting wire when 1 joule of work is done to move 1 coloumb of charge between them

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39
Q

Weight

A

The gravitational force acting on an object
Weight = mass (kg) x gravitational acceleration

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40
Q

mmHg

A

A unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1mm high at 0C

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41
Q

The hydrogen ion

A

The nucleus of a hydrogen ion that has been separated from its electron

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42
Q

Critical pressure

A

The pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature

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43
Q

Pseudocritical temperature

A

applies to a mixture of gases and is the temperature at which these gases may separate out into their individual constituents

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44
Q

Filling ratio

A

The ratio of the mass of gas in a cylinder to the mass of water the cylinder could hold

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45
Q

Temperature

A

The average kinetic energy of molecules within a substance

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46
Q

Heat

A

The total thermal energy of a substance i.e the total energy of molecular motion within a substance

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47
Q

Elimination

A

The irreversible removal of a drug from the body

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48
Q

Clearance

A

The volume of plasma cleared per unit time

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49
Q

Doppler effect

A

A phenomenon whereby sound waves reflected from a moving target are altered and have a different frequency from the incident sound wave

50
Q

Presentation and dose of atracurium

A

2.5ml/5ml/25ml vials concentration 10mg/ml
Dose 0.5mg/kg

51
Q

Presentation and dose of suxamethonium

A

2ml ampoules of 50mg/ml
Dose 1-2mg/kg

52
Q

Presentation and dose rocuronium

A

5ml vials of 10mg/ml
Dose 0.6mg/kg or 1.2mg/kg

53
Q

What is density

A

The mass of a substance occupying a unit volume

54
Q

What is viscosity

A

Viscosity is the property of a fluid that causes it to resist flow

55
Q

What is damping

A

Damping describes the resistance of a system to oscillation resulting from a change in input

56
Q

Categorise temperature measurement

A

Non electrical
- liquid expansion thermometer
- gas expansion thermometers
- chemical thermometer
- bimetallic strip dial thermometer
Electrical
- thermocouple
-resitance wire thermometer
- thermistor
- IR

57
Q

Categorsie flow measurement

A

Variable orifice, constant pressure
- rotameters
- peak flow meter
Variable pressure, constant orifice
- pneumatograph

58
Q

Ways of measuring gas volume

A

Benedict- Roth spirometer
Vitalograph
Wright respirometer

59
Q

Reactions in clark electrode

A

Anode: Ag + Cl- –> AgCl + e-
Cathode: O2+4e-+ 2H2O –> 4OH-

60
Q

Reactions in a fuel cell

A

Anode: 2Pb + 2OH- –> 2PbO + H2O + 2e-
Cathode: O2+4e-+ 2H2O –> 4OH-

61
Q

What is summation

A

occurs when the action of two or more drugs is additive
(nitrous and sevo)

62
Q

What is synergism

A

Occurs when the combined action of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects
(prop and remi)

63
Q

What is potentiation

A

Occurs when the action of one drug is increased by the administration of another
(probenecid and penicillin)

64
Q

What are the components of innate immunity

A

Barriers
Cells (phagocytes and NK cells)
Serum proteins (CRP)
Complement system

65
Q

What does the complement system do

A

Bacterial cell lysis (membrane attack complex)
Opsonisation
Chemotaxis
Inflammation (trigger mast cells to degranulate)

66
Q

What are the features of the adaptive immune system

A

Cell mediated
- Antigen presenting cells activates T cells
Humoral
- T cells active B cells which produce immunoglobulins

67
Q

What are the functions of antibodies

A

Opsonisation
Agglutination
Inactivation of pathogen (Ag may be pathogenic)
Activation of complement

68
Q

What are the types of hypersensitivity

A

Type 1: immediate, IgE, anaphylaxis
Type 2: Ab dependent, MG/Goodpastures
Type 3: immune complex mediated, SLE/RA
Type 4: delayed cell mediated, T cells, tuberculin test/T1DM

69
Q

What is the nerve/blood supply to the larynx

A

Recurrent laryngeal N: below cords and all muscles except cricothyroid
Superior laryngeal N: above cords and cricothyroid
Blood: superior and inferior laryngeal arteries

70
Q

What are the extrinsic laryngeal elevators

A

digastric
thyrohyoid
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
genioglossus
hyoglossus

71
Q

What are the extrinsic laryngeal depressors

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

72
Q

What are the contents of the mediastinum

A

Heart
Great vessels
Traches
Oesophagus
Nerves: vagus, phrenic, recurrent laryngeal Ns and sympathetic trunk
Thymus
LNs

73
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A

xiphisternum
costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
lumbar vertebrae L1-L3, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments

74
Q

What are the three diaphragm openings and their contents

A

T8: IVC, R phrenic N
T10: oesophagus, vagus Ns
T12: aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein

75
Q

Functions of the lung

A

Gas exchange
Reservoir of blood
Synthesis: surfactant, collagen, prostaglandins, histamine
Metabolism: angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine
Immune function

76
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the first rib

A

Groove for subclavian artery/brachial plexus
Groove for subclavian vein
Insertion points for scalenus medius, serratus anterior and scalenus anterior
Head articulates with T1
Tubercle articulates with transverse process T1

77
Q

What does the thoracic inlet contain

A

Trachea
Oesophagus
Vascular trunk
Vagus nerves
Thoracic duct
Phrenic nerves
Sympathetic chain

78
Q

What is isofluranes
MAC
OG
BG
BP
SVP

A

1.17
98
1.4
48
33

79
Q

What is sevofluranes
MAC
OG
BG
BP
SVP

A

MAC 2
OG 47
BG 0.7
BP 58
SVP 23

80
Q

What is desfluranes
MAC
OG
BG
BP
SVP

A

MAC 6.6
OG 29
BG 0.4
BP 23
SVP 89

81
Q

Which AEDs enhance GABA mediated inhibition

A

Benzodiazepines
Barbituates
Sodium Valproate
Vigabatrin

82
Q

Which AEDs modulate sodium flux in nerves

A

Phenytoin
Carbamazepine

83
Q

What are the mechanisms of filtration

A

Direct interception
Diffusional interception
Inertial impaction
Electrostatic deposition

84
Q

WETFLAG Values

A

Weight: (Age+4)x2
Energy: 4J/kg
Tube: Age/4 + 4
Fluid: 20ml/kg
Lorazepam: 0.1mg/kg
Adrenaline: 10mcg/kg
Glucose: 2ml/kg 10%

85
Q

What are the phases of gastric regulation?

A

Cephalic
- Vagus N causes gastrin release
Gastric
- stretch and chemoreceptors -> gastric secretions
Intestinal
- chyme enters duodenum: CKK/GIP/secretin

86
Q

What are the cells in the stomach and what do they produce

A

Parietal cells: HCl and intrinsic factor
Chief cells: pepsinogen
Mucus cells: mucus
G cells: gastrin
D cells: somatostatin

87
Q

What are the methods of neuromuscular monitoring

A

Clinical tests
- sustained head lift, protrude tongue, TV of 10ml/kg
Qualitative
- electrodes on peripheral N with supramaximal stimulus
Quantitative
- Electromyography
- Mechanomyography
- Acceleromyography
- Kinemyography

88
Q

How does heparin work

A

Potentiates anti thrombin III
Inhibits factor Xa

89
Q

How does Dabigatran work

A

Direct thrombin inhibitor

90
Q

How does apixaban work

A

Direct factor Xa inhibitor

91
Q

What is basal metabolic rate

A

The rate of energy production by catabolism of food under standard conditions

200kJ/metre squared per hour is normal for adult male

92
Q

What does laser stand for

A

Light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation

93
Q

What are the features of laser light

A

Monochromatic (single wavelength)
Coherent (in phase)
Collimated (parallel)

94
Q

Describe the flow of CSF

A

Produced in choroid plexus in 3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles
Lateral ventricles to 3rd through foramen of monroe
3rd to 4th through aqueduct of sylvius
4th to subarachnoid space through midline formanen of magendie and lateral foramen of lushka

95
Q

What is charge

A

Charge is the property of matter which causes a force to be acted upon it when it is passed through a electromagnetic field

96
Q

What is decontamination

A

The process of removal, inactivation or destruction of pathogens on the surface of equipment. Can comprise of cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation

97
Q

What is cleaning

A

It is the first stage of decontamination: the removal of foreign material from an object with detergent or enzymatic pre-soak. Manual or mechanical

98
Q

How can disinfection be done

A

Thermal: boiling or by moist heat at 70-100
Chemical: glutaraldehyde 2%

99
Q

How can sterilisation be done

A

Steam autoclave: 121celcius, 2 bar for 20mins
Dry heat sterilisation
Ethylene oxide sterilisation: 50-60celcius, expensive and long
Radiation

100
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Physical: temp store of food and mixing of ingested food
Exocrine: secretion of digestive enzymes, gastric acid and intrinsic factor
Endocrine: secretion of gastrin and CCK/secretin

101
Q

What is the effect of a sudden IV infusion of 5% dextrose

A

Hypotonic solution so distributed equally
Intravascular volume will therefore only increas 70ml which is below threshold to stimulate baroreceptors
Plasma smolality will decrease enough to stimulate osmoreceptors -> reduced ADH

102
Q

What is the effect of a sudden infusion of 1L 0.9% saline

A

Isotonic so expands ECF volume
250ml added to intravascular which is enough to trigger baroreceptors -> reduction in ADH
Increased Na and ECF will cause an increase in ANP secretion and inhibition of RAAS

103
Q

What is an exponential function

A

An exponential function describes the situation where the rate of change of quantity of a substance is directly proportional to the quantity of substance at that time

104
Q

How are drugs handled in the kidney

A

Glomerulus: low molecular weight and not protein bound are filtered (fluconazole)

Active proximal tubular secretion: energy dependent and carrier mediated (one for acid, one for bases)

Passive distal tubular reabsorption: conc gradient as H2O low. Unless too lipid insoluble then can’t be reabsorbed

105
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus

A

ventral rami of C5-8 and T1

106
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus

A

Upper- C5, C6
Middle- C7
Lower- C8, T1

107
Q

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus

A

Each trunk has an anterior and posterior division behind the clavicle

108
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus

A

Lateral- anterior divisions of upper and middle trunk
Medial- anterior devision of lower trunk
Posterior- posterior divisions of all three trunks

109
Q

What are the parasympathetic ganglia

A

Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine
Submandibular
Otic

110
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

Biotransformation
Synthetic
Metabolic
Digestive (bile)
Storage
Capacitance
Immunological

111
Q

Mechanism of antifungals

A

Cell wall- Echinocandins inhibit glucan synthesis (caspofungin)
Cell membrane- Polyenes bind to ergosterol (amphotericin)
- Azoles prevent ergosterol synthesis
Cell nucleus- Flucytosine inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis

112
Q

Categorise IV fluid warmers

A

Dry heat warming system
Magnetic induction heater
Counter-current heat exchange
Water bath warmers

113
Q

What is the standard ECG paper speed and what does that mean for the boxes

A

25mm/sec
1mm = 0.04s
5mm = 0.2s

114
Q

How do you calculate rate on ECG

A

300/R-R interval squares
No. of R waves in rhythm stripx6

115
Q

What is the voltage on an ECG

A

1mm = 0.1mV
10mm = 1mV

116
Q

What are the normal values for ECG intervals

A

PR 0.12-0.2s
QRS <0.12s
QTC <450ms

117
Q

What are the flow rates for cannulas

A

14G - 240ml/min
16G - 180ml/min
18G - 90ml/min
20G - 60ml/min
22G - 36ml/min

118
Q

Train of four features

A

Four identical stimuli at a frequency of 2hz

119
Q

Double burst stimulation features

A

Three stimuli at a frequency of 50Hz, then the same again after 750ms

120
Q
A

FRCA Definitions (1 decks)

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