Physics Flashcards
1
Q
Absolute humidity
A
The mass of water vapour present in a particular sample of air at a given temperature.
kg/m-3
2
Q
Absolute zero
A
The coldest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and all thermal motion stops
0K, -273celcius
3
Q
Ampere
A
SI Unit of electric current
The current that produces a force of 2x10-7 newtons/m between two parallel wires or infinite length 1m apart in a vacuum
4
Q
Boiling point
A
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding ambient pressure and the liquid changes into a vapour
5
Q
Calorie
A
The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1g of water by 1celcius
6
Q
Candela
A
The SI unit of luminous intensity
7
Q
Coulomb
A
The unit of charge
1C is the amount of charge passing a given point per second when 1A of current is flowing
8
Q
Critical Temperature
A
The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone
9
Q
Freezing point
A
The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of specified composition are in equilibrium at a given pressure
10
Q
Force
A
That which changes a body’s state of rest of motion
F=ma
N=kg/m/s-2
11
Q
Gas
A
A substance which is above its critical temperature
12
Q
Heat capacity
A
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1C
specific heat capacity x mass of body
13
Q
Hertz
A
Derived SI unit of frequency
1 Hz is 1 cycle/second
14
Q
Joule
A
Derived SI unit of energy
1J is 1Nm
15
Q
Kelvin
A
The SI unit of temp
16
Q
Kilogram
A
SI unit of mass
17
Q
Kinetic energy
A
The energy a body possesses because of its motion
18
Q
Latent heat
A
The energy released or absorbed by a substance when it changes phase at a given temperature
19
Q
Latent heat of vaporisation
A
The amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid at its boiling point into vapour without an increase in temperature
20
Q
Mass
A
The amount of matter contained in a body
21
Q
Metre
A
SI unit of length
22
Q
Mole
A
SI unit of amount of substance
6X10^23 particles
23
Q
Momentum
A
mass x velocity
24
Q
Newton
A
Derived SI unit of force
25
Ohm
Derived SI unit of electrical resistance
R=V/I
26
Pascal
SI unit of pressure
27
pH
The negative log to the base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
28
Potential energy
The potential of that body to do work
29
Power
The rate of doing work
Watt = J/s
30
Pressure
Force per unit area
31
Relative humidity
The mass of water in a given volume of air, expressed as a percentage of the maximum mass of water that the air could hold at a given temperature
32
Resistance
Property of a conductor to oppose the flow of current through it
Ohm
33
Saturated vapour pressure
The pressure exerted by a vapour when in contact with and in equilibrium with its liquid phase within a closed system at a given temperature
34
Second
SI unit of time
35
Specific heat capacity
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1C
36
Triple point of water
The temperature and pressure at which water exists in equilibrium as liquid water, solid ice and water vapour
0.01C, 611Pa
37
Vapour
A substance in the gas phase below its critical temperature
38
Volt
Derived SI unit of electrical potential
1 Volt is the potential difference between two points of a conducting wire when 1 joule of work is done to move 1 coloumb of charge between them
39
Weight
The gravitational force acting on an object
Weight = mass (kg) x gravitational acceleration
40
mmHg
A unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1mm high at 0C
41
The hydrogen ion
The nucleus of a hydrogen ion that has been separated from its electron
42
Critical pressure
The pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature
43
Pseudocritical temperature
applies to a mixture of gases and is the temperature at which these gases may separate out into their individual constituents
44
Filling ratio
The ratio of the mass of gas in a cylinder to the mass of water the cylinder could hold
45
Temperature
The average kinetic energy of molecules within a substance
46
Heat
The total thermal energy of a substance i.e the total energy of molecular motion within a substance
47
Elimination
The irreversible removal of a drug from the body
48
Clearance
The volume of plasma cleared per unit time
49
Doppler effect
A phenomenon whereby sound waves reflected from a moving target are altered and have a different frequency from the incident sound wave
50
Presentation and dose of atracurium
2.5ml/5ml/25ml vials concentration 10mg/ml
Dose 0.5mg/kg
51
Presentation and dose of suxamethonium
2ml ampoules of 50mg/ml
Dose 1-2mg/kg
52
Presentation and dose rocuronium
5ml vials of 10mg/ml
Dose 0.6mg/kg or 1.2mg/kg
53
What is density
The mass of a substance occupying a unit volume
54
What is viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a fluid that causes it to resist flow
55
What is damping
Damping describes the resistance of a system to oscillation resulting from a change in input
56
Categorise temperature measurement
Non electrical
- liquid expansion thermometer
- gas expansion thermometers
- chemical thermometer
- bimetallic strip dial thermometer
Electrical
- thermocouple
-resitance wire thermometer
- thermistor
- IR
57
Categorsie flow measurement
Variable orifice, constant pressure
- rotameters
- peak flow meter
Variable pressure, constant orifice
- pneumatograph
58
Ways of measuring gas volume
Benedict- Roth spirometer
Vitalograph
Wright respirometer
59
Reactions in clark electrode
Anode: Ag + Cl- --> AgCl + e-
Cathode: O2+4e-+ 2H2O --> 4OH-
60
Reactions in a fuel cell
Anode: 2Pb + 2OH- --> 2PbO + H2O + 2e-
Cathode: O2+4e-+ 2H2O --> 4OH-
61
What is summation
occurs when the action of two or more drugs is additive
(nitrous and sevo)
62
What is synergism
Occurs when the combined action of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects
(prop and remi)
63
What is potentiation
Occurs when the action of one drug is increased by the administration of another
(probenecid and penicillin)
64
What are the components of innate immunity
Barriers
Cells (phagocytes and NK cells)
Serum proteins (CRP)
Complement system
65
What does the complement system do
Bacterial cell lysis (membrane attack complex)
Opsonisation
Chemotaxis
Inflammation (trigger mast cells to degranulate)
66
What are the features of the adaptive immune system
Cell mediated
- Antigen presenting cells activates T cells
Humoral
- T cells active B cells which produce immunoglobulins
67
What are the functions of antibodies
Opsonisation
Agglutination
Inactivation of pathogen (Ag may be pathogenic)
Activation of complement
68
What are the types of hypersensitivity
Type 1: immediate, IgE, anaphylaxis
Type 2: Ab dependent, MG/Goodpastures
Type 3: immune complex mediated, SLE/RA
Type 4: delayed cell mediated, T cells, tuberculin test/T1DM
69
What is the nerve/blood supply to the larynx
Recurrent laryngeal N: below cords and all muscles except cricothyroid
Superior laryngeal N: above cords and cricothyroid
Blood: superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
70
What are the extrinsic laryngeal elevators
digastric
thyrohyoid
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
genioglossus
hyoglossus
71
What are the extrinsic laryngeal depressors
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
72
What are the contents of the mediastinum
Heart
Great vessels
Traches
Oesophagus
Nerves: vagus, phrenic, recurrent laryngeal Ns and sympathetic trunk
Thymus
LNs
73
What are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
xiphisternum
costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
lumbar vertebrae L1-L3, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments
74
What are the three diaphragm openings and their contents
T8: IVC, R phrenic N
T10: oesophagus, vagus Ns
T12: aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein
75
Functions of the lung
Gas exchange
Reservoir of blood
Synthesis: surfactant, collagen, prostaglandins, histamine
Metabolism: angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine
Immune function
76
What is the surface anatomy of the first rib
Groove for subclavian artery/brachial plexus
Groove for subclavian vein
Insertion points for scalenus medius, serratus anterior and scalenus anterior
Head articulates with T1
Tubercle articulates with transverse process T1
77
What does the thoracic inlet contain
Trachea
Oesophagus
Vascular trunk
Vagus nerves
Thoracic duct
Phrenic nerves
Sympathetic chain
78
What is isofluranes
MAC
OG
BG
BP
SVP
1.17
98
1.4
48
33
79
What is sevofluranes
MAC
OG
BG
BP
SVP
MAC 2
OG 47
BG 0.7
BP 58
SVP 23
80
What is desfluranes
MAC
OG
BG
BP
SVP
MAC 6.6
OG 29
BG 0.4
BP 23
SVP 89
81
Which AEDs enhance GABA mediated inhibition
Benzodiazepines
Barbituates
Sodium Valproate
Vigabatrin
82
Which AEDs modulate sodium flux in nerves
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
83
What are the mechanisms of filtration
Direct interception
Diffusional interception
Inertial impaction
Electrostatic deposition
84
WETFLAG Values
Weight: (Age+4)x2
Energy: 4J/kg
Tube: Age/4 + 4
Fluid: 20ml/kg
Lorazepam: 0.1mg/kg
Adrenaline: 10mcg/kg
Glucose: 2ml/kg 10%
85
What are the phases of gastric regulation?
Cephalic
- Vagus N causes gastrin release
Gastric
- stretch and chemoreceptors -> gastric secretions
Intestinal
- chyme enters duodenum: CKK/GIP/secretin
86
What are the cells in the stomach and what do they produce
Parietal cells: HCl and intrinsic factor
Chief cells: pepsinogen
Mucus cells: mucus
G cells: gastrin
D cells: somatostatin
87
What are the methods of neuromuscular monitoring
Clinical tests
- sustained head lift, protrude tongue, TV of 10ml/kg
Qualitative
- electrodes on peripheral N with supramaximal stimulus
Quantitative
- Electromyography
- Mechanomyography
- Acceleromyography
- Kinemyography
88
How does heparin work
Potentiates anti thrombin III
Inhibits factor Xa
89
How does Dabigatran work
Direct thrombin inhibitor
90
How does apixaban work
Direct factor Xa inhibitor
91
What is basal metabolic rate
The rate of energy production by catabolism of food under standard conditions
200kJ/metre squared per hour is normal for adult male
92
What does laser stand for
Light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
93
What are the features of laser light
Monochromatic (single wavelength)
Coherent (in phase)
Collimated (parallel)
94
Describe the flow of CSF
Produced in choroid plexus in 3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles
Lateral ventricles to 3rd through foramen of monroe
3rd to 4th through aqueduct of sylvius
4th to subarachnoid space through midline formanen of magendie and lateral foramen of lushka
95
What is charge
Charge is the property of matter which causes a force to be acted upon it when it is passed through a electromagnetic field
96
What is decontamination
The process of removal, inactivation or destruction of pathogens on the surface of equipment. Can comprise of cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation
97
What is cleaning
It is the first stage of decontamination: the removal of foreign material from an object with detergent or enzymatic pre-soak. Manual or mechanical
98
How can disinfection be done
Thermal: boiling or by moist heat at 70-100
Chemical: glutaraldehyde 2%
99
How can sterilisation be done
Steam autoclave: 121celcius, 2 bar for 20mins
Dry heat sterilisation
Ethylene oxide sterilisation: 50-60celcius, expensive and long
Radiation
100
Functions of the stomach
Physical: temp store of food and mixing of ingested food
Exocrine: secretion of digestive enzymes, gastric acid and intrinsic factor
Endocrine: secretion of gastrin and CCK/secretin
101
What is the effect of a sudden IV infusion of 5% dextrose
Hypotonic solution so distributed equally
Intravascular volume will therefore only increas 70ml which is below threshold to stimulate baroreceptors
Plasma smolality will decrease enough to stimulate osmoreceptors -> reduced ADH
102
What is the effect of a sudden infusion of 1L 0.9% saline
Isotonic so expands ECF volume
250ml added to intravascular which is enough to trigger baroreceptors -> reduction in ADH
Increased Na and ECF will cause an increase in ANP secretion and inhibition of RAAS
103
What is an exponential function
An exponential function describes the situation where the rate of change of quantity of a substance is directly proportional to the quantity of substance at that time
104
How are drugs handled in the kidney
Glomerulus: low molecular weight and not protein bound are filtered (fluconazole)
Active proximal tubular secretion: energy dependent and carrier mediated (one for acid, one for bases)
Passive distal tubular reabsorption: conc gradient as H2O low. Unless too lipid insoluble then can't be reabsorbed
105
What are the roots of the brachial plexus
ventral rami of C5-8 and T1
106
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus
Upper- C5, C6
Middle- C7
Lower- C8, T1
107
What are the divisions of the brachial plexus
Each trunk has an anterior and posterior division behind the clavicle
108
What are the cords of the brachial plexus
Lateral- anterior divisions of upper and middle trunk
Medial- anterior devision of lower trunk
Posterior- posterior divisions of all three trunks
109
What are the parasympathetic ganglia
Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine
Submandibular
Otic
110
What are the functions of the liver
Biotransformation
Synthetic
Metabolic
Digestive (bile)
Storage
Capacitance
Immunological
111
Mechanism of antifungals
Cell wall- Echinocandins inhibit glucan synthesis (caspofungin)
Cell membrane- Polyenes bind to ergosterol (amphotericin)
- Azoles prevent ergosterol synthesis
Cell nucleus- Flucytosine inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis
112
Categorise IV fluid warmers
Dry heat warming system
Magnetic induction heater
Counter-current heat exchange
Water bath warmers
113
What is the standard ECG paper speed and what does that mean for the boxes
25mm/sec
1mm = 0.04s
5mm = 0.2s
114
How do you calculate rate on ECG
300/R-R interval squares
No. of R waves in rhythm stripx6
115
What is the voltage on an ECG
1mm = 0.1mV
10mm = 1mV
116
What are the normal values for ECG intervals
PR 0.12-0.2s
QRS <0.12s
QTC <450ms
117
What are the flow rates for cannulas
14G - 240ml/min
16G - 180ml/min
18G - 90ml/min
20G - 60ml/min
22G - 36ml/min
118
Train of four features
Four identical stimuli at a frequency of 2hz
119
Double burst stimulation features
Three stimuli at a frequency of 50Hz, then the same again after 750ms
120
Post tetanic count features
Tetanic stimulus of 50Hz for 5 seconds then waits 3 seconds and then delivers pulses at 1Hz
121
Describe SMC contraction
Excitatory and inhibitory impulses until threshold met.
Caveolae transport signal.
Calcium from ligand/voltage gated channels
Binds to calmodulin which activates the power stroke by activating myosin light chain kinase
122
