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Science '22 > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

charged particle

A

a particle with an electric charge e.g. ion, electron, proton

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2
Q

unit of elementary electrical charge

A

coulomb

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3
Q

conductors

A

the materials electricity (electrons) can flow through. e.g. copper, silver, gold, graphite, salt

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4
Q

insulators

A

the materials electricity (electrons) cannot flow through = static

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5
Q

static electricity

A

when two non-metal insulators are rubbed together, the friction allows electrons to be removed from one of the objects to the other, where they build up because the electrons don’t flow like in insulators.

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6
Q

static electricity is

A

potential energy. it does not move. it is stored.

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7
Q

charge in static electricity

A

one object becomes negatively charged, and the other becomes positively charged

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8
Q

static discharge

A

occurs when there is a loss of static electricity due to friction, conduction, or induction.

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9
Q

conduction

A

direct contact

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10
Q

induction

A

through an electric field (no direct contact)

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11
Q

voltage

A

the difference in potential energy across an energy source or circuit component. also called the potential difference.

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12
Q

unit for voltage

A

volts = V

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13
Q

current

A

the rate of coulombs flowing in the circuit. current is the number of coulombs per second

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14
Q

unit for current

A

amperes (amps) = A. 1A = 1 coulomb per second

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15
Q

current is

A

kinetic energy

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16
Q

direct current (DC)

A

electrons flow in the same direction in a wire

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17
Q

alternating current (AC)

A

electrons flow in different directions in a wire

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18
Q

resistance

A

when it is difficult for a current to flow through a circuit component. opposes the flow of current through a circuit component.

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19
Q

unit for resistance

A

ohm (Ω)

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20
Q

the effect longer wires have on resistance

A

increased resistance as the electrons travel further and lose energy

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21
Q

the effect wider wires have on resistance

A

decreased resistance as more electrons fit in a wide wire = less lost energy

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22
Q

voltage drop

A

a loss of potential energy when current flows through a circuit component. this is due to the transfer of electrical energy to other forms - light, sound, heat etc.

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23
Q

series circuit

A

when all the circuit components are in a line. the circuit forms a single loop.

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24
Q

current in a series circuit

A

the same current flows through every circuit component. the current measured at any point of the circuit will be the same value.

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25
Q

voltage in a series circuit

A

not necessarily the same over every circuit component. if two components have different resistances, there will be a larger voltage over the component with a larger resistance.

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26
Q

parallel circuits

A

composed of many branches/loops of wire

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27
Q

current in a parallel circuit

A

current is split between branches. current can flow down multiple paths and each electron can only travel down one path at a time. the current along each branch is determined by the resistance on the branches.

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28
Q

relationship between current and resistance in a parallel circuit

A

if one branch has a higher resistance than the other, it will have a lower current. electrons choose the path of least resistance.

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29
Q

voltage in a parallel circuit

A

voltage is the same along every branch. the voltage is not affected by the resistance of the components.

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30
Q

variable resistor

A

sliding contact can be adjusted so that the current passes through only a few coils of wire or many coils of wire. adjusts the value of current or voltage

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31
Q

ohm’s law

A

V = IR (voltage = current * resistance)

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32
Q

energy

A

the ability of an object to do work

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33
Q

work

A

when an object is making something happen. results from a force being applied that causes displacement of the object

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34
Q

energy transformation

A

when energy transforms between forms (mechanical, kinetic, thermal)

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35
Q

energy transfer

A

when energy is transferred between objects

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36
Q

energy can be transferred by

A

the movement of matter. wave motion between two places

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37
Q

wave motion

A

activity that carries energy from one place to another through a medium without actually moving any matter. a wave transports energy and not matter. no net movement of matter.

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38
Q

heat

A

the total of the potential and kinetic energy (internal energy) of the particles in a substance

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39
Q

thermal energy transfer

A

conduction, convection, radiation

40
Q

conduction

A

the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighbouring atoms or molecules.

41
Q

convection

A

the transfer of thermal energy by the physical movement of fluid (liquid, gas, or plasma) from one location to another

42
Q

radiation

A

the process by which energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation, is emitted by a heated surface in all directions and travels directly to its point of absorption at the speed of light

43
Q

electricity transfer

A

moving electrons transfer energy from the energy source to the user. electron flow = kinetic energy.

44
Q

kinetic energy transfer

A

kinetic energy is transferred from one moving object to a stationary object via work. the energy moves from one object to another but stays in the same form.

45
Q

energy transfer - sound

A

a form of kinetic energy. sound is transferred in a wave. when a speaker produces music, it vibrates back and forth. as it moves forward, it pushes on the closest air particle. the particle pushes the next and so on. as the speaker moves backward, it pulls the closest air particle back with it. this particle pulls the next air particle and so on.

46
Q

sound requires

A

particles

47
Q

mechanical wave requires

A

a medium to propagate and therefore cannot propagate through a vacuum

48
Q

sound waves can travel through

A

air, water, some solids, but not through a vacuum

49
Q

wavelength (λ)

A

the distance between any two crests or troughs

50
Q

amplitude (a)

A

the maximum displacement of a particle from its mean (normal) position; i.e. height of a crest or depth of a trough

51
Q

frequency (f)

A

the number of complete vibrations (or waves) per second. unit = hertz (Hz)

52
Q

period (T)

A

the time taken to complete one vibration (or to produce one complete wave)

53
Q

sound waves are produced by

A

a vibrating source

54
Q

sound waves are

A

longitudinal waves made up of a series of compressions (high-pressure areas) and rarefactions (low-pressure areas)

55
Q

transverse waves

A

particles move perpendicular (up and down) at right angles to the direction of the movement of the wave

56
Q

longitudinal waves

A

particles move parallel (back and forward) in the same direction of the wave

57
Q

the wave equation

A

v = f * λ and T = 1/f

58
Q

electromagnetic radiation is a

A

transverse wave - no medium required

59
Q

waves that do not require a medium

A

electromagnetic waves. e.g. radio, microwave, visible light, x-rays

60
Q

waves that require a medium

A

mechanical waves. e.g. transverse, longitudinal

61
Q

the speed of light

A

300,000 km/sec

62
Q

how do different mediums affect the speed of light

A

light moves slower through denser materials because more particles get in its way. it is slowed down in transparent media such as air, water, and glass.

63
Q

reflection

A

when light bounces off an object

64
Q

specular reflection

A

if the surface is smooth and shiny, like glass, water or polished metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as it hit the surface

65
Q

angle of incidence

A

the angle of reflection

66
Q

the incident ray and reflected ray are

A

in the same plane as, but on opposite sides of, the normal

67
Q

normal

A

the line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence

68
Q

refraction

A

bending of a light ray as it enters a new medium at an angle and its speed changes

69
Q

a ray of light entering an optically more dense medium

A

it slows down and is refracted towards the normal

70
Q

a ray of light entering an optically less dense medium

A

speeds up and refracts away from the normal

71
Q

a ray that enters along the normal at 90° to the new medium

A

it will change speed but not direction

72
Q

echo

A

the repetition of sound caused by the reflection of sound. produced when sound bounces off a hard surface

73
Q

applications of echoes

A

sonar (SOund NAvigation And Ranging), radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging)

74
Q

sound in different materials

A

travels fastest in a solid, slowest in a gas

75
Q

high pitch sound

A

high frequency

76
Q

loudness

A

the brain judges loudness by how much the eardrum vibrates

77
Q

the greater the amplitude

A

the higher the sound

78
Q

outer ear

A

ear flap (pinna), auditory canal, eardrum

79
Q

ear flap (pinna)

A

collects sound waves

80
Q

auditory canal

A

where air vibrates

81
Q

eardrum

A

vibrates with sound waves, in contact with the hammer

82
Q

middle ear

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup, eustachian tube, semi-circular canals

83
Q

hammer, anvil, stirrup

A

pass vibrations to the oval window

84
Q

eustachian tube

A

joins middle ear to mouth, keeps pressure in the ear same as that outside

85
Q

semi-circular canals

A

assist in body balance

86
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea, auditory nerve

87
Q

cochlea

A

contains nerve endings that change vibrations into messages for the brain

88
Q

auditory nerve

A

carries messages to the brain

89
Q

how sound travels through the ear

A

Sound waves travel through the air and are collected by the pinna/ear flap. The sound waves then travel through the auditory canal and hit the eardrum, which vibrates. The vibration of the eardrum triggers the movement of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which amplify the sound waves. The sound waves then travel to the cochlea, which contains nerve endings that convert the sound waves into signals/messages for the brain. These signals then travel along the auditory nerve to the brain

90
Q

electromagnetic spectrum sequence (longest to shortest wavelength)

A

radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, gamma rays

91
Q

radio waves

A

length of a football to the length of a football field. carry signals for television and cellular phones

92
Q

microwaves

A

wavelengths can be measured in centimeters. longer microwaves (30cm) are used to heat food in a microwave oven.

93
Q

infrared radiation

A

700 nanometers to 1 millimeter. the heat we feel from sunlight, or a warm sidewalk is infrared.

94
Q

visible light

A

various frequencies of coloured light. colour is determined by the frequency. 400 to 700 nanometers

95
Q

ultraviolet light

A

invisible to the human eye, insects can see them. used for security coding. 10 to 400 nanometers

96
Q

x-rays

A

high penetration ability. 0.01 to 10 nanometers

97
Q

gamma rays

A

smallest wavelength and the most energy. generated by radioactive atoms and nuclear explosions. less than 100 picometers.

Science '22 (6 decks)

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