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Yr 13 > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 base quantities, their unit and their symbol and it’s unit

A

Mass, m, Kilogram, kg
Time, t, Second, s
Length, l, Metre, m
Current, I(i), Ampere(Amps), A
Temperature, T, Kelvin, k
Amount of Substance, N/A, Mole, mol

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2
Q

What are the 10 multiples and submultiples we use at A-Level their symbol and their multiplying factor

A

femto, f, x10-15
pico, p, x10-12
nano, n, x10-9
micro, u with double tail, x10-6
milli, m, x10-3
centi, c, x10-2
kilo, k, 1x10+3
Mega, M, x10+6
Giga, G, x10+9
Tera, T, x10+12

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3
Q

Name 6 vectors

A

Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Current
Momentum

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4
Q

Name 10 Scalors

A

Distance
Speed
Rate of change of speed
Time
Charge
Kinetic energy
Temperature
Area
Volume
Mass

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5
Q

What’s the difference between a scalar and a vector.

A

A scalar is a physical quantity that has magnitude and a unit however A vector is a physical quantity with magnitude, a unit and a direction.

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6
Q

When adding vectors which way is positive and which way is negative.

A

Right is positive
Left is negative

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7
Q

How do you find the resultant vector

A

Nose to tail method.

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8
Q

How do you resolve a vector

A

For vertical component we use resultant vector x sin(angle)
For horizontal component we use resultant vector cos(angle)

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9
Q

What is the formula for force

A

F= mass x gravity (9.81)

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10
Q

What are the two formulas for moments

A

M= force x distance
(Nm= N x m)
F1xD1= F2xD2

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11
Q

What is the moment of a force about a pivot

A

The product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the force.

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12
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd law

A

The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass but directly proportional to the resultant force on it.

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13
Q

What is the formula for Newton’s 2nd law

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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14
Q

What is the formula for resivitivity

A

P(resivitivity) = resistance x cross sectional area, per unit length

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15
Q

What is resivitivity

A

It’s the property of the material and is unique to each material

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16
Q

What is resistance

A

The opposition to the flow of electrons

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17
Q

What are 2 key facts about resistance

A

It is directly proportional to length but inversely proportional to the cross sectional area

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18
Q

What’s the formula for the volume of a cylinder.

A

V= (pi) radius(squared) x height or Length

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19
Q

Name the 5 SUVAT Equations

A

v=u+at
v2=u2+2as
s=ut+1/2at2
s=vt-1/2at2
s=1/2(u+v)t

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20
Q

What does SUVAT mean

A

v=final velocity
u=intial velocity
s=displacement
a=acceleration
t=time

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21
Q

What shape does an I-V graph take for a thermistor

A

A reverse teapot (short and stout)

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22
Q

What is Ohm’s law

A

Voltage is directly proportional to current as long as the temperature is constant in a metallic conductor.

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23
Q

What is the formula for Ohm’s law

A

Voltage = Resistance x Current

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24
Q

What are the 3 main equations to help with linear motion

A

Speed=distance/time
Velocity=displacement/time
Acceleration=velocity/time

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25
Q

How do you work out the acceleration from a velocity - time graph

A

Find the gradient of the line

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26
Q

How do you work out the velocity from a displacement - time graph

A

Find the gradient of the line.

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27
Q

What is the formula for internal res

A

EMF = Current x (load res + internal res)
EMF/Current = (load res + internal res)
Total res - Load res = internal res

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28
Q

What is the formula for range

A

Constant horizontal velocity x time of flight

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29
Q

What do waves do

A

Transfer energy from one position to another

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30
Q

What 2 groups can waves be classified as

A

Transverse and longitudinal

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31
Q

What direction do transverse wave oscillations go

A

Oscillations are perpindicular to wave direction

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32
Q

What direction do longitudinal wave oscillations go

A

Oscillations are parallel to wave direction

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33
Q

What are some examples of transverse waves

A

All EM waves, waves on a string, ripples on water and some shock waves

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34
Q

What are some examples of longitudinal waves

A

Sound waves (including ultrasound) and some shock waves.

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35
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave on a graph

A

The distance from the middle line to the top of the peak

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36
Q

What is the wavelength (lambda)(λ)/the time of a wave on a graph

A

The distance from the first peak to the 2nd peak

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37
Q

On a displacement - distance graph what dooes the amplitude tell us

A

The max displacement of particles measured in metres

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38
Q

On a displacement - distance graph what dooes the wavelength tell us

A

The distance travelled by the wave in one complete oscillation measured in metres

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39
Q

On a displacement - time graph what dooes the amplitude tell us

A

The max displacement of particles mesured in metres

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40
Q

On a displacement - time graph what dooes the peridoic time tell us

A

Time taken for the wave to complete one full oscillation measured in secs

41
Q

What is the frequency of a wave

A

The no of oscillations in one sec or the amount of waves passing any point in one sec measured in hertz

42
Q

What is the frequency equation

A

F=1/T

43
Q

What is the wave speed equation

A

V= f x λ

44
Q

What are mechanical waves

A

Waves that are produced by a disturbance such as a vibrating body in a material medium, whose particles are set into oscillation. E.g. Water waves need water.

45
Q

What are electromagnetic waves

A

Waves that consist of a varying electric and magnetic field coupled together at 90 degrees to the wave direction: they dont require a medium to travel in and in fact find it easier to travel through a vacuum.

46
Q

In a longitudinal wave where is the crest.

A

In the rarefaction.

47
Q

In a longitudinal wave where is the trough.

A

In a compression.

48
Q

What is the em spectrum

A

A continuum of radiation

49
Q

What are the 7 regions of the em spectrum, there wave length and frequency

A

Gamma - 10^-12, ≤3x10^19 hz
X ray - 10^-10, 3x10^18 hz
Ultra Violet - 10^-8, 3x10^16 hz
Visible (red 700nm - violet 400nm), 6x10^14 hz
Infra Red - 10^-4, 3x10^12 hz
Micro - 10^-2, 3x10^10 hz
Radio - 1, 3x10^8 hz

50
Q

What are the dangers of each em wave

A

Gamma - damages cell DNA and can cause cancer
X ray - damages cell DNA and can cause cancer
Ultra Violet - damages skin cells, disrupts DNA and can cause skin cancer
Visible (red - violet) - snow blindness (when the eye’s cornea becomes temporarily sunburned)
Infra Red - causes burns
Micro - can cause eye cataracts
Radio - heat up internal body tissue and can cause burns

51
Q

What are the common uses of each em wave

A

Gamma - Killing cancer cells
X ray - Medical images of bones
Ultra Violet - Detecting forged bank notes, finding blood splatters
Visible (red - violet) - the only part we can see, used for photography, and optical fibres
Infra Red - heating, night vision equipment, tv remotes
Micro - Cooking, mobile phones
Radio - Television signals

52
Q

How can you find the frequency of a wave

A

Frequency = speed of light (3x10^8)/λ (wavelength)

53
Q

What is an example of polarisation.

A

Sunglasses

54
Q

What type of waves can be polarised

A

Transverse

55
Q

What is polarisation

A

Vibrations are only allowed in one plane only.

56
Q

What 2 theories of light existed in the 17th century.

A

Corpuscular theory and huygens wave theory

57
Q

What does the corpuscular theory think about light

A

It considders light to consist of streams of very tiny particles called corpuscles which move at very high speed in straight lines.

58
Q

What does the corpuscular theory explain

A

Rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction.

59
Q

What does the huygens wave theory think about light

A

It proposed a wave theory for light in which the energy was emitted in a continuous stream from the source.

59
Q

What does the huygens wave theory explain

A

Many physical optics phenomena (experiments in which measurements close to the wavelength of light are made)

60
Q

Who came up with a new theory in 1864

A

Maxwell

61
Q

What did maxwell suggest

A

He suggested light to be an em wave consisting of fluctuating electric and magnetic fields both coupled together at 90 degrees to each other and both at 90 degrees to the ray direction.

62
Q

What is a polaroid

A

This is a manmade material used to produce polarised light.

63
Q

What is c

A

The speed of light

64
Q

What is the exact number of c

A

3x10^8

65
Q

What are the classical equations for doppler shift

A

Observed frequency = (velocity of waves / velocity of waves + velocity of source) x emitted frequency

Observed wavelength = (1 + velocity of source / velocity of waves) x emitted wavelength

66
Q

What scenario are we looking at the doppler shift from

A

Waves recieved by a stationary observer from a moving source

67
Q

What is the difference between cosmological red shift and doppler red shift

A

in doppler shift, the only thing that matters is the relative velocity of the emitting object when the light is emitted compared to that of the receiving object when the light is received. In cosmological redshift, however, the emitting object is expanding along with the rest of the universe, and if the rate of expansion changes between the time the light is emitted and the time it is received, that will affect the received wavelength.

68
Q

What is the equation for the red shift parameter of a receding galaxy

A

Z = the difference between the observed and emitted frequencies / emitted frequencies or the difference between the observed and emitted wavelengths/ emitted wavelengths

69
Q

How can you find the recession speed of a galaxy

A

V = redshift parameter x speed of light (3x10^8)

70
Q

What is hubbles law equation

A

Recessional velocity = hubbles constant (paramter, approx. 2.4x10^-18 s^-1) x distance between earth and galaxy in question.

71
Q

How can you estimate the age of the universe

A

Time from big bang (Hubble time) = 1 / hubbles constant

72
Q

What is the current estimate for the age of the universe

A

13.2 billion years

73
Q

What is momentum

A

The product of an objects mass and its velocity

74
Q

What is the momentum equation

A

Momentum = mass x velocity
Measured in kgms^-1 (Ns)

75
Q

What is the principle of the Conservation of momentum for bodies in a collision

A

Provided no external forces are acting, the total momentum of a system of colliding bodies is constant.

76
Q

What is the equation for momentum in a collision

A

Total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision

77
Q

What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions

A

Elastic collisions are those in which energy is covered.

Inelastic collisions are those in which energy is not conserved.

78
Q

What is impulse

A

Force time (Ns)

79
Q

What is the equation for impulse

A

Ft (impulse) = m x change in velocity (delta v)

80
Q

What is newtons 2nd law in terms of momentum

A

The change in momentum is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on it. Both act in the same direction.

81
Q

What is the definition of energy

A

the stored ability to do work

82
Q

What is the definition of work done

A

A constant force as the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.

83
Q

What’s the work done equation

A

W = constant force x displacement

84
Q

What is a joule

A

The amount of work done (or energy transferred) when a force of 1N moves through a distance of 1m.

85
Q

What are the potential and kinetic energy equations

A

P.E. = mgh

K.E. = 1/2 mv^2

86
Q

What is the principle of Conservation of energy

A

Energy cant be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another.

87
Q

How can you calculate speed exchanges from kinetic energy to potential energy

A

V = the square root of u^2 - 2xgxh

88
Q

How can you find the costant forve of an object

A

Wd = constant force x displacement so constant force = Wd / displacement
Or
(1/2 mass x v^2 - 1/2 mass x u^2) / displacement = constant force

89
Q

What are the 2 power equations

A

P = wd / time
P = force / constant speed

90
Q

What is the efficiency equation

A

Useful energy or power output / total energy or power input

91
Q

What is energy conservation

A

The act of reducing energy consumption

92
Q

What is energy efficiency

A

Any product or process that makes it possible to enjoy the same standard of living while using less energy.

93
Q

What is energy efficiency

A

Any product or process that makes it possible to enjoy the same standard of living while using less energy.

94
Q

Why is energy efficiency important to society

A

It reduces the strain that energy production puts on earth’s natural resources

95
Q

Why is energy conservation important to society

A

Energy conservation has environmental benefits. Most of our energy resources will eventually be exhausted. Taking steps to reduce the consumption of our energy resources will, in turn, reduce the amount of pollution produced.

96
Q

What is tir

A

A phenomenon that may occur as light attempts to move from a denser material e.g. glass to a less dense material such as water or air. This can only happen if light is increased beyond the value of the critical angle.

97
Q

What is the snell’s law equation

A

Sin x angle of incidence / sin x angle of refraction

98
Q

What is snell’s law used to find

A

The refractive index and an indication of the optical density

Yr 13 (1 decks)

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