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4R > Physics 101-1 > Flashcards

Physics 101-1 Flashcards

1
Q

“Crookes tube”, a partially evacuated glass tube

A

Sir William Crookes

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2
Q

Accidentally discovered x-rays

A

Sir Wilhelm Contad Roentgen

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3
Q

First x-ray picture in 1896 of his wife’s hand

A

Roentgen

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4
Q

Earliest known practical use of x-rays was for

A

Foreign body localization

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5
Q

Used x-rays to localize bullets in forearms of two separate patients during Ethiopian Campaign

A

LTC Giuseppe Alvaro

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6
Q

Used x rays during Tirah Campaign

A

Major W. C. Beevor

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7
Q

X-rays were used by the U.S. Army for the first time

A

1898 Spanish American War

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8
Q

First Radiologists (doctors)

A

Roentgenologists

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9
Q

First x-ray techs

A

Manipulators

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10
Q

Roentgen discovers x-rays

A

1895

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11
Q

Several investigators demonstrate the use of soluble iodine compounds as contrast media

A

1920

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12
Q

The Potter-Bucky grid is introduced

A

1921

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13
Q

Rhe rotating anode x-ray tube is introduced

A

1929

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14
Q

First automatic roller transport film processing (Eastman Kodak) is introduced

A

1956

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15
Q

Rare Earth radiographic intensifying screens are introduced

A

1974

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16
Q

Picture archiving and communications system (PACS) becomes available

A

1982

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17
Q

Use of knowledge in an organized and classified manner

A

Science

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18
Q

Study of the universe and its contents

A

Natural science

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19
Q

Rate of change of position of an object over time

A

Velocity (speed)

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20
Q

Rate of change of velocity over time

A

Acceleration

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21
Q

Property of matter that resists its change in motion

A

Inertia

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22
Q

Push or pull of an object

A

Force

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23
Q

Study of nonliving matter

A

Physical science

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24
Q

Branch of physical science that studies matter and energy-efficient, and their relationships

A

Physics

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25
Q

Comprises the systematic collection of facts, the study of their relationship, and the drawing of valid conclusions

A

Scientific Method

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26
Q

3 Laws of Motion

A

Law of Inertia, force, action/reaction

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27
Q

Body will remain at rest or if in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity

A

Law of Inertia

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28
Q

Force acting on a body is proportional to its mass times acceleration

A

Force

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29
Q

Formula for force

A

F = mass x acceleration

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30
Q

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

Action/Reaction

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31
Q

A system of numbers that is based on multiples of 10

A

Decimal System

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32
Q

Refers to the exponential form of the decimal system

A

Powers of Ten

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33
Q

A figure, extent, or amount obtained by measuring: Dimension

A

Measurement

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34
Q

British Engineering System; foot, pound, seconds

A

English System

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35
Q

Centimeter, Gram, Second (CGS) or Meter, Kilogram, Second System (MKS)

A

Metric System

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36
Q

Fundamental Units of Measurement

A

Mass, Length, Time

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37
Q

Old definition- distance between two scratches on a bar of platinum

A

Meter

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38
Q

New definition- one meter is now defined as the distance traveled by light in 1/299,792,468

A

Meter

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39
Q

Equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), which is almost exactly to thr mass of one liter of water

A

Kilogram

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40
Q

Transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of thr cesium 133 atom; second

A

Time

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41
Q

Old definition- time it takes for the earth to make one rotation on its axis

A

Second

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42
Q

One thousandth of a second

A

Millisecond

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43
Q

One billionth of a second

A

Nanosecond

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44
Q

Freezing point of water for Celsius

A

0°C

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45
Q

Boiling point of water for Celsius

A

100°C

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46
Q

Freezing point of water for Fahrenheit

A

32°F

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47
Q

Boiling point of water for Fahrenheit

A

212°F

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48
Q

Celsius temp conversion

A

C = 5/9 (F-32)

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49
Q

Fahrenheit temp conversion

A

F = 9/5 C + 32

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50
Q

Obtained by various combinations of the fundamental units

A

Derived units

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51
Q

Mass per unit volume of a substance

A

Density

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52
Q

Density abbrv

A

kg/m3

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53
Q

Speed in a given direction

A

Velocity

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54
Q

Velocity abbrv

A

m/s

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55
Q

Volume abbrv

A

m3

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56
Q

Volume conversion to liquid

A

1 ml = 1 cc

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57
Q

Bass unit for mass

A

Gram

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58
Q

1,000 or 10^3

A

Kilo

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59
Q

Seven base SI Units

A

SMACK
Seconds
Meter/Mole
Ampere
Candela
Kilogram/Kelvin

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60
Q

Unit of electric current

A

Ampere

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61
Q

Hypothetical temperature characterized by a complete absence of heat energy

A

Kelvin

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62
Q

Extension of the degree Celsius scale down to absolute zero

A

Kelvin

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63
Q

SI unit of molecule substance

A

Mol

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64
Q

SI base unit of luminous intensity; that is, power emitted by a light source in a particular direction

A

Candela

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65
Q

Unit of force

A

Newton

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66
Q

Unit of energy

A

Joule

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67
Q

Unit of power

A

Watt

68
Q

Commonly used derived SI units

A

Newton, Joule, Watt

69
Q

Anything that has mass, occupies space and has inertia

A

Matter

70
Q

Quantitative measure of Inertia

A

Mass

71
Q

Resistance a body offers to changes in its state of motion

A

Inertia

72
Q

All matter is made up of

A

Atoms

73
Q

Therr are _____ distinct atoms, _____ kinds of atoms occur naturally

A

117, 92

74
Q

Combinations of two or more atoms

A

Molecules

75
Q

A material that has a definite and constant composition

A

Substance

76
Q

A substance composed of atoms, all of which have the same atomic number and therefore, the same chemical properties

A

Element

77
Q

Two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by mass

A

Compound

78
Q

Substances that mix together without combining chemically

A

Mixtures

79
Q

2 types of mechanical energy

A

Kinetic & Potential

80
Q

Energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

81
Q

Stored energy of motion

A

Potential energy

82
Q

Result of atoms and molecules

A

Heat

83
Q

Result of the movement of electrons

A

Electrical

84
Q

Energy is stored in the nucleus of each atom

A

Nuclear

85
Q

Form of electromagnetic energy

A

X-rays

86
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another

A

Law of conservation of energy

87
Q

The toal amount of energy in the universe is

A

Constant

88
Q

Simplified picture of an atom

A

Bohr Model

89
Q

Proposed by Niels Bohr in 1915

A

Bohr Model

90
Q

3 fundamental particles making up the atom

A

Electron, proton, neutron

91
Q

Carries one unit of negative electric charge

A

Electron

92
Q

Apprx mass of 9.11 x 10 -31kg

A

Electron

93
Q

Revolves around the nucleus in precisely fixed orbits in the electron shells

A

Electron

94
Q

Innermost electron orbit

A

K-shell

95
Q

Maximum number of electrons per shell

A

Electron

96
Q

Number of electrons in the outermost shell never exceeds ____ electrons.

A

8; Octet Rule

97
Q

Carries one unit of positive electric charge

A

Proton

98
Q

Apprx mass of 1.673 x 10 -27 kg

A

Proton

99
Q

Located in the nucleus

A

Proton

100
Q

Number of protons in an atom determines ___________ the atom belongs to.

A

Which element

101
Q

Carries no charge, electrically neutral, licated in the nucleus

A

Neutron

102
Q

Apprx mass of 1.675 x 10 -27 kg

A

Neutron

103
Q

Collectively the term used for the particles in the nucleus

A

Nucleons

104
Q

Contentsnof the nucleus

A

Protons + Neutrons

105
Q

One-twelfth the mass of the Carbon 12 nucleus

A

Atomic mass unit (amu)

106
Q

Represented by the letter “Z”

A

Atomic number

107
Q

Represented by the letter “A”

A

Atomic mass number

108
Q

Nucleus formula

A

A = Z + N

109
Q

Strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus of an atom

A

Electron Binding Energy

110
Q

Strongest at the K-shell

A

Electron binding energy

111
Q

States of matter

A

Solid, liquid, gas

112
Q

Vibrate about fixed positions

A

Solid

113
Q

Non-fixed positions

A

Liquid

114
Q

Vibrate at even greater rates

A

Gases

115
Q

Vertical (down) columns

A

8 groups/family

116
Q

Number of electrons (outer shell)

A

Group/family

117
Q

Horizontal (left to right) rows

A

7 rows; period/series

118
Q

Number of shells where electrons are found

A

Periods/series

119
Q

Groups 3 to 12 on thr periodic table

A

D-block

120
Q

Number of electrons in the outermost electron shell; responsible for all chemical and electrical activities of the elements

A

Valence electrons

121
Q

No outer shell can contain more than 8 electrons; chemically stable

A

Rule of Octet

122
Q

Less than 8 electronsbin the outer shell

A

Chemically unstable atoms

123
Q

Atoms that have an overall (excess) positive or negative charge

A

Ions

124
Q

Which element group donate their outermost electron to achieve an Octet configuration

A

Group 1; +1

125
Q

Either donate or accept 4 electrons to achieve an Octet configuration

A

Group 4; +4 or -4

126
Q

Accept 3 electrons to achieve an Octet configuration

A

Group 5; -3 = take

127
Q

Have a valence of zero; called inert or noble gases

A

Group 8

128
Q

Will neither give nor receive an electron; have 8 outrr-shell electrons (except Helium)

A

Group 8

129
Q

Chemical behavior

A

Chemical bond, ionic bond, covalent bond

130
Q

Electrovalent bond; attraction between two oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bond

131
Q

Characterized by the sharing of outer shell electrons

A

Covalent bond

132
Q

Property of a magnet that permits it to attract magnetic substances

A

Magnetism

133
Q

Zone of influence around a magnet

A

Magnetic field

134
Q

Magnetic susceptibility; the ease with which a material can be magnetized

A

Magnetic permeability

135
Q

The ability of a material to stay magnetized

A

Magnetic retentivity

136
Q

Alnico

A

Aluminum, nickel, cobalt; artificial permanent magnets

137
Q

Temporary magnets; produced by means of an electric current

A

Electromagnets

138
Q

3 types of magnets

A

Natural, artificial permanent, electromagnets

139
Q

3 fundamental laws

A

Law of magnetism

140
Q

Laws of magnetism

A

Magnetic poles, repulsion-attraction, inverse square law

141
Q

Every magnet has 2 poles, north & south

A

Magnetic poles

142
Q

Force between two magnetic fields is directly proportional to the product of the magnetic pole strength divided by the square of the distance between them

A

Inverse square law

143
Q

Magnetic fields are always produced when an electrical charge is in motion

A

Electron spin

144
Q

4 Magnetic Classification of Matter

A

Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, nonmagnetic, diamagnetic

145
Q

Simply magnetic; includes iron, cobalt, nickel; greatly susceptible to induction

A

Ferromagnetic Materials

146
Q

MRI contrasts agents are usually _______

A

Paramagnetic

147
Q

Wood, glass, rubber

A

Nonmagnetic Materials

148
Q

Weakly repelled by either magnetic pole; are not attracted to a magnet

A

Diamagnetic Materials

149
Q

A current-carrying coil of wire wrapped around an iron core, which intrnsifies the induced magnetic field

A

Electromagnet

150
Q

Material that allows heat or electricity to flow

A

Conductor

151
Q

The force fields that are created when magnetic dipoles orient to create a magnet

A

Magnetic field

152
Q

Lines of force or limes of flux

A

Magnetic field

153
Q

Process of inducing an electromotive force into a conductor as it cuts magnetic lines of force

A

Electromagnetic induction

154
Q

The pattern of the magnetic field surrounding a conductor is in the shape of a series of ________

A

Concentric cylinders

155
Q

Thumb pointing in the direction of current flow

A

Fleming’s Right Hand (Thumb) Rule

156
Q

When a conductor is looped to form a coil, the magnetic fields from both sides join to double the magnetic field strength inside the loop

A

Solenoid

157
Q

Using Fleming’s Right Hand Thumb Rule for a solenoid, we can predict not only the direction of the magnetic flux inside the soil, but also which end of the coil will be the ________

A

North pole

158
Q

If the coil is grasped with the right hand so that the fingers point in the direction of the current flow, the extended thumb will point in the direction of the ________

A

North pole

159
Q

Demonstrated the process of electromagnetic induction

A

Michael Faraday

160
Q

3 ways to create the motion between the lines of force and the conductor

A

Through a stationary, unchanging magnetic field,
Move magnetic lines of force through a stationary conductor,
Vary the magnetic flux

161
Q

4 factors of Faraday’s Law

A

Speed, strength, angle, number of turns

162
Q

Right Hand/Dynamo Rule

A

Motion, field, current

163
Q

Induced current will flow in a direction such that it opposes the action that induces it

A

Lenz’s Law

164
Q

2 types of Induction

A

Mutual & Self-induction

165
Q

The process of inducing a current flow through a secondary coil, by passing a varying current on the primary coil

A

Mutual induction

166
Q

Occurs in direct current, only at the instant the circuit is closed and opened; occurs continuously as the magnitude and direction of current continually changr; use if ferromagnetic coil would increase the self-inductance of the coil

A

Self-induction

4R (8 decks)

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