Physics 101-1 Flashcards
1
Q
“Crookes tube”, a partially evacuated glass tube
A
Sir William Crookes
2
Q
Accidentally discovered x-rays
A
Sir Wilhelm Contad Roentgen
3
Q
First x-ray picture in 1896 of his wife’s hand
A
Roentgen
4
Q
Earliest known practical use of x-rays was for
A
Foreign body localization
5
Q
Used x-rays to localize bullets in forearms of two separate patients during Ethiopian Campaign
A
LTC Giuseppe Alvaro
6
Q
Used x rays during Tirah Campaign
A
Major W. C. Beevor
7
Q
X-rays were used by the U.S. Army for the first time
A
1898 Spanish American War
8
Q
First Radiologists (doctors)
A
Roentgenologists
9
Q
First x-ray techs
A
Manipulators
10
Q
Roentgen discovers x-rays
A
1895
11
Q
Several investigators demonstrate the use of soluble iodine compounds as contrast media
A
1920
12
Q
The Potter-Bucky grid is introduced
A
1921
13
Q
Rhe rotating anode x-ray tube is introduced
A
1929
14
Q
First automatic roller transport film processing (Eastman Kodak) is introduced
A
1956
15
Q
Rare Earth radiographic intensifying screens are introduced
A
1974
16
Q
Picture archiving and communications system (PACS) becomes available
A
1982
17
Q
Use of knowledge in an organized and classified manner
A
Science
18
Q
Study of the universe and its contents
A
Natural science
19
Q
Rate of change of position of an object over time
A
Velocity (speed)
20
Q
Rate of change of velocity over time
A
Acceleration
21
Q
Property of matter that resists its change in motion
A
Inertia
22
Q
Push or pull of an object
A
Force
23
Q
Study of nonliving matter
A
Physical science
24
Q
Branch of physical science that studies matter and energy-efficient, and their relationships
A
Physics
25
Comprises the systematic collection of facts, the study of their relationship, and the drawing of valid conclusions
Scientific Method
26
3 Laws of Motion
Law of Inertia, force, action/reaction
27
Body will remain at rest or if in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity
Law of Inertia
28
Force acting on a body is proportional to its mass times acceleration
Force
29
Formula for force
F = mass x acceleration
30
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Action/Reaction
31
A system of numbers that is based on multiples of 10
Decimal System
32
Refers to the exponential form of the decimal system
Powers of Ten
33
A figure, extent, or amount obtained by measuring: Dimension
Measurement
34
British Engineering System; foot, pound, seconds
English System
35
Centimeter, Gram, Second (CGS) or Meter, Kilogram, Second System (MKS)
Metric System
36
Fundamental Units of Measurement
Mass, Length, Time
37
Old definition- distance between two scratches on a bar of platinum
Meter
38
New definition- one meter is now defined as the distance traveled by light in 1/299,792,468
Meter
39
Equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), which is almost exactly to thr mass of one liter of water
Kilogram
40
Transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of thr cesium 133 atom; second
Time
41
Old definition- time it takes for the earth to make one rotation on its axis
Second
42
One thousandth of a second
Millisecond
43
One billionth of a second
Nanosecond
44
Freezing point of water for Celsius
0°C
45
Boiling point of water for Celsius
100°C
46
Freezing point of water for Fahrenheit
32°F
47
Boiling point of water for Fahrenheit
212°F
48
Celsius temp conversion
C = 5/9 (F-32)
49
Fahrenheit temp conversion
F = 9/5 C + 32
50
Obtained by various combinations of the fundamental units
Derived units
51
Mass per unit volume of a substance
Density
52
Density abbrv
kg/m3
53
Speed in a given direction
Velocity
54
Velocity abbrv
m/s
55
Volume abbrv
m3
56
Volume conversion to liquid
1 ml = 1 cc
57
Bass unit for mass
Gram
58
1,000 or 10^3
Kilo
59
Seven base SI Units
SMACK
Seconds
Meter/Mole
Ampere
Candela
Kilogram/Kelvin
60
Unit of electric current
Ampere
61
Hypothetical temperature characterized by a complete absence of heat energy
Kelvin
62
Extension of the degree Celsius scale down to absolute zero
Kelvin
63
SI unit of molecule substance
Mol
64
SI base unit of luminous intensity; that is, power emitted by a light source in a particular direction
Candela
65
Unit of force
Newton
66
Unit of energy
Joule
67
Unit of power
Watt
68
Commonly used derived SI units
Newton, Joule, Watt
69
Anything that has mass, occupies space and has inertia
Matter
70
Quantitative measure of Inertia
Mass
71
Resistance a body offers to changes in its state of motion
Inertia
72
All matter is made up of
Atoms
73
Therr are _____ distinct atoms, _____ kinds of atoms occur naturally
117, 92
74
Combinations of two or more atoms
Molecules
75
A material that has a definite and constant composition
Substance
76
A substance composed of atoms, all of which have the same atomic number and therefore, the same chemical properties
Element
77
Two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by mass
Compound
78
Substances that mix together without combining chemically
Mixtures
79
2 types of mechanical energy
Kinetic & Potential
80
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
81
Stored energy of motion
Potential energy
82
Result of atoms and molecules
Heat
83
Result of the movement of electrons
Electrical
84
Energy is stored in the nucleus of each atom
Nuclear
85
Form of electromagnetic energy
X-rays
86
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another
Law of conservation of energy
87
The toal amount of energy in the universe is
Constant
88
Simplified picture of an atom
Bohr Model
89
Proposed by Niels Bohr in 1915
Bohr Model
90
3 fundamental particles making up the atom
Electron, proton, neutron
91
Carries one unit of negative electric charge
Electron
92
Apprx mass of 9.11 x 10 -31kg
Electron
93
Revolves around the nucleus in precisely fixed orbits in the electron shells
Electron
94
Innermost electron orbit
K-shell
95
Maximum number of electrons per shell
Electron
96
Number of electrons in the outermost shell never exceeds ____ electrons.
8; Octet Rule
97
Carries one unit of positive electric charge
Proton
98
Apprx mass of 1.673 x 10 -27 kg
Proton
99
Located in the nucleus
Proton
100
Number of protons in an atom determines ___________ the atom belongs to.
Which element
101
Carries no charge, electrically neutral, licated in the nucleus
Neutron
102
Apprx mass of 1.675 x 10 -27 kg
Neutron
103
Collectively the term used for the particles in the nucleus
Nucleons
104
Contentsnof the nucleus
Protons + Neutrons
105
One-twelfth the mass of the Carbon 12 nucleus
Atomic mass unit (amu)
106
Represented by the letter "Z"
Atomic number
107
Represented by the letter "A"
Atomic mass number
108
Nucleus formula
A = Z + N
109
Strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus of an atom
Electron Binding Energy
110
Strongest at the K-shell
Electron binding energy
111
States of matter
Solid, liquid, gas
112
Vibrate about fixed positions
Solid
113
Non-fixed positions
Liquid
114
Vibrate at even greater rates
Gases
115
Vertical (down) columns
8 groups/family
116
Number of electrons (outer shell)
Group/family
117
Horizontal (left to right) rows
7 rows; period/series
118
Number of shells where electrons are found
Periods/series
119
Groups 3 to 12 on thr periodic table
D-block
120
Number of electrons in the outermost electron shell; responsible for all chemical and electrical activities of the elements
Valence electrons
121
No outer shell can contain more than 8 electrons; chemically stable
Rule of Octet
122
Less than 8 electronsbin the outer shell
Chemically unstable atoms
123
Atoms that have an overall (excess) positive or negative charge
Ions
124
Which element group donate their outermost electron to achieve an Octet configuration
Group 1; +1
125
Either donate or accept 4 electrons to achieve an Octet configuration
Group 4; +4 or -4
126
Accept 3 electrons to achieve an Octet configuration
Group 5; -3 = take
127
Have a valence of zero; called inert or noble gases
Group 8
128
Will neither give nor receive an electron; have 8 outrr-shell electrons (except Helium)
Group 8
129
Chemical behavior
Chemical bond, ionic bond, covalent bond
130
Electrovalent bond; attraction between two oppositely charged ions
Ionic bond
131
Characterized by the sharing of outer shell electrons
Covalent bond
132
Property of a magnet that permits it to attract magnetic substances
Magnetism
133
Zone of influence around a magnet
Magnetic field
134
Magnetic susceptibility; the ease with which a material can be magnetized
Magnetic permeability
135
The ability of a material to stay magnetized
Magnetic retentivity
136
Alnico
Aluminum, nickel, cobalt; artificial permanent magnets
137
Temporary magnets; produced by means of an electric current
Electromagnets
138
3 types of magnets
Natural, artificial permanent, electromagnets
139
3 fundamental laws
Law of magnetism
140
Laws of magnetism
Magnetic poles, repulsion-attraction, inverse square law
141
Every magnet has 2 poles, north & south
Magnetic poles
142
Force between two magnetic fields is directly proportional to the product of the magnetic pole strength divided by the square of the distance between them
Inverse square law
143
Magnetic fields are always produced when an electrical charge is in motion
Electron spin
144
4 Magnetic Classification of Matter
Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, nonmagnetic, diamagnetic
145
Simply magnetic; includes iron, cobalt, nickel; greatly susceptible to induction
Ferromagnetic Materials
146
MRI contrasts agents are usually _______
Paramagnetic
147
Wood, glass, rubber
Nonmagnetic Materials
148
Weakly repelled by either magnetic pole; are not attracted to a magnet
Diamagnetic Materials
149
A current-carrying coil of wire wrapped around an iron core, which intrnsifies the induced magnetic field
Electromagnet
150
Material that allows heat or electricity to flow
Conductor
151
The force fields that are created when magnetic dipoles orient to create a magnet
Magnetic field
152
Lines of force or limes of flux
Magnetic field
153
Process of inducing an electromotive force into a conductor as it cuts magnetic lines of force
Electromagnetic induction
154
The pattern of the magnetic field surrounding a conductor is in the shape of a series of ________
Concentric cylinders
155
Thumb pointing in the direction of current flow
Fleming's Right Hand (Thumb) Rule
156
When a conductor is looped to form a coil, the magnetic fields from both sides join to double the magnetic field strength inside the loop
Solenoid
157
Using Fleming's Right Hand Thumb Rule for a solenoid, we can predict not only the direction of the magnetic flux inside the soil, but also which end of the coil will be the ________
North pole
158
If the coil is grasped with the right hand so that the fingers point in the direction of the current flow, the extended thumb will point in the direction of the ________
North pole
159
Demonstrated the process of electromagnetic induction
Michael Faraday
160
3 ways to create the motion between the lines of force and the conductor
Through a stationary, unchanging magnetic field,
Move magnetic lines of force through a stationary conductor,
Vary the magnetic flux
161
4 factors of Faraday's Law
Speed, strength, angle, number of turns
162
Right Hand/Dynamo Rule
Motion, field, current
163
Induced current will flow in a direction such that it opposes the action that induces it
Lenz's Law
164
2 types of Induction
Mutual & Self-induction
165
The process of inducing a current flow through a secondary coil, by passing a varying current on the primary coil
Mutual induction
166
Occurs in direct current, only at the instant the circuit is closed and opened; occurs continuously as the magnitude and direction of current continually changr; use if ferromagnetic coil would increase the self-inductance of the coil
Self-induction
