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AV Fundies > Physics 1 > Flashcards

Physics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A
  • Fundamental building blocks of matter
  • Smallest particles into which an element can be reduced to
  • contains protons, neutrons and electrons
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2
Q

Which sub atomic particles are responsible for the majority of mass in an atom?

A
  • Proton
  • Neutron
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3
Q

Which sub atomic particles can be found in the nucleus of an atom?

A
  • Proton
  • Neutron
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4
Q

Define an ‘element’ in terms of the kind of atoms it contains?

A

An element is a pure substance that consists only one type of atom

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5
Q

Elec charge in the following?

A

Neutrons - Zero / neutral
Protons - Positive
Electrons - Negative

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6
Q

Define the term ‘mixture’

A

A substance that consists of 2 or more different substances not chemically bonded and not fixed to one another in proportion

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7
Q

Define the term ‘molecule’

A

A molecule occurs when 2 or more atoms are chemically bonded together

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8
Q

Define the term ‘compound’

A

A substance consisting of 2 or more chemically bonded and fixed ratio chemicals

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9
Q

Describe the states of matter

A
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
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10
Q

Explain how atoms can be electrically neutral?

A

A standard atom will have the same number of protons and electrons. The equal number of +ve and -ve charges act to cancel each other out - therefore becoming zero elec charge

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11
Q

How is a solid characterised?

A
  • Molecules are close together
  • Have definite volume and shape
  • Incompressible
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12
Q

How are liquids characterised?

A
  • Molecules are further apart (than solids)
  • Molecules do not maintain regular pattern
  • Easily move into shapes
  • Have definite volume
  • Will flow to the lowest possible position, due to gravity
  • Are slightly compressed
  • Conform to shape of container that are placed in
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13
Q

How is a gas characterised?

A
  • Added more heat makes the particles move faster
  • Molecules are much further apart (than liquids and solids)
  • They space themselves out to fit whatever space they are put into
  • Does not hold a fixed shape
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14
Q

What is the process called when changing from solid to liquid?

A

Melting

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15
Q

What is the process called when changing from liquid to gas?

A

Evaporation

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16
Q

What is the process called when changing from a gas to liquid?

A

Condensation

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17
Q

What is the process called when changing from liquid to solid?

A

Freezing

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18
Q

What is the process called when changing from liquids to gas?

A

Vaporisation or evaporation

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19
Q

Define density?

A

Density is defined as the amount of space a substance takes up compared to its mass

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20
Q

Define compressability?

A

Compressibility is defined as the change in volume for applied pressure

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21
Q

Define surface area?

A

The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

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22
Q

Define specific gravity

A

Density of a substance compared to the density of a substance as a known reference, measures as a ratio therefore no units

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23
Q

How do you calculate the specific gravity of a gas?

A

Ratio of the density of the substance compared to NTP air

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24
Q

What is the definition of elasticity

A

The amount a substance will change its shape compared to how much force is applied

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25
Q

Difference between scalar and vector?

A

Vector - requires direction as well as distance and time
Scalar - only requires distance and time

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26
Q

What are some examples of scalar quantities?

A
  • Speed
  • Distance
  • Time
  • Temperature
  • Mass
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27
Q

What are some examples of vector quantities?

A
  • Displacement
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration
  • Force
  • Weight
  • Momentum
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28
Q

How do you add vectors?

A

Joining the tail of the first arrow with the arrow of the second

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29
Q

Newtons first law?

A

“A body at rest tends to remain at rest, a body in motion tends to remain in motion - unless an outside force acts upon it”
- Refers to inertia

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30
Q

One word used to explain Newton’s first law?

A

Inertia

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31
Q

Newton’s second law?

A

“The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it, and inversely proportional to the mass of the body”

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32
Q

Equation for Newtons second law?

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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33
Q

Newton’s third law?

A

“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”

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34
Q

What does inertia cause mass to resist?

A

Directional change

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35
Q

Linear / translational motion - where does the force have to act from?

A

Centre of mass

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36
Q

How do you get rotational motion?

A

Circular motion of an object about a FIXED AXIS

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37
Q

What relationship does rotational motion depend on?

A

Between the angle of rotation and angle of velocity

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38
Q

Unit used for force?

A

Newton metres (N)

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39
Q

What happens to a stationary object when the force is applied to it?

A

Acceleration

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40
Q

Difference between mass and weight?

A

Mass - measure of amount of matter it contains
Weight - Force exerted on a body by the gravitational force of earth

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41
Q

What happens to a moving force when a force is applied in the opposite direction?

A

Deceleration

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42
Q

Defining properties of mass?

A
  • Amount of material in body
  • Measured by comparison of known mass
  • Constant everywhere
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43
Q

Defining properties of weight?

A
  • Force
  • Measured using spring balance
  • Vary considerably depending on where the body is related to other larger masses
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44
Q

Formula for weight?

A

Weight = mass x gravity

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45
Q

What is the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity?

A

9.8MS

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46
Q

Do objects always accelerate at 9.8ms squared in a uniformed gravitational field?

A
  • Air resistance plays a role in this, the acceleration of gravity will not be realised due to drag and friction
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47
Q

Ways to increase an objects stability?

A
  • Lower centre of gravity
  • Widen base
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48
Q

How is centre of gravity determined in an aircraft?

A

Datum

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49
Q

What is normal reaction force?

A

Force moving upwards to resist gravity

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50
Q

When an object is stationary on a bench, what is the magnitude and direction of the normal reaction force?

A
  • Upwards
  • Equal to the mass of the object
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51
Q

3 types of friction?

A
  • Static
  • Dynamic / kinetic
  • Rolling
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52
Q

What is the equation for the co-efficient of friction?

A

Resistive friction / Normal reaction force

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53
Q

What determines the change in resistance forces in the coefficient of friction?

A

Nature of surface (increased and decreased friction)

54
Q

Once static friction is overcome, in order to maintain constant velocity, will I need to increase or decrease my applied force?

A

Decrease - less effort is required

55
Q

If resistive force decreases, what happens to the coefficient of friction?

A

Decreases in proportion

56
Q

Alternative name for moment?

A

Torque

57
Q

Alternative name for torque?

A

A moment

58
Q

Qualities that determine the amount of torque applied to an object?

A
  • Force applied to the moment arm
  • Moment arm distance
  • Angle between the force and the moment arm
59
Q

In order to maximise torque, what angle should this be applied from?

A

90 degrees or perpendicular

60
Q

What is couple force?

A

Pair of forces (equal and opposite)

61
Q

What is centripetal force?

A
  • Uniformed circular motion
  • Inward seeking
  • Actual force
62
Q

Apparent force that is opposite to centripetal force is?

A
  • Centrifugal force
  • Caused by inertia
  • Apparent force
63
Q

If an object is more dense than the fluid it is in, will it sink or float?

A

Sink

64
Q

Define momentum

A

Mass of an object is multiplied by its velocity

65
Q

Force that causes objects to sink or float?

A

Buoyancy

66
Q

Define conservational momentum

A

Initial momentum = final momentum

66
Q

What is required to change the momentum of an object?

A

External force pushing in the opposite direction

67
Q

How do you reduce the impulse force on an object during collision?

A
  • Reduce acceleration
  • Increase time
67
Q

Define impulse

A

The actual change in momentum

68
Q

Which has a higher impulse? Elastic or inelastic?

A

Elastic

69
Q

What is work?

A

A force acting on a body, moves the body

70
Q

Unit for work?

A
  • Joules (J)
  • Newton meters (N)
71
Q

How do you calculate work?

A

Work done = F x S x Cos

72
Q

How is a joule defined?

A

1 joule = 1 Newton meter

73
Q

Difference between kinetic and potential energy?

A

Kinetic - Motion
Potential - Stored

74
Q

What is heat?

A

Transfer of energy through temperature

75
Q

How is heat transferred?

A

Flows from higher to lower temperatures

76
Q

What is thermal energy?

A
  • Responsible for the speed that particles move with
    Slower - They are closer together
    Faster - Further apart
77
Q

Why is it impossible for a machine / process to be 100% efficient?

A

There will always be waste due to heat, light, sound, friction etc

78
Q

Formula for efficiency?

A

Energy out / Energy in x 100

79
Q

Define mechanical advantage?

A

Ratio of the amount of force required compared to the force produced at the load

80
Q

Formula for mechanical advantage?

A

Load force / Effort force

81
Q

Define Velocity?

A

Ratio of distance through which the input part of the machine moves compared to the distance that the output part moves at the same time

82
Q

Formula for velocity ratio

A

Distance moved by effort / distance moved by load

83
Q

Define elasticity?

A

Ability to bound back into its original shape and dimension

84
Q

Define stress?

A

The force that resists the deformation of an object

85
Q

Define strain?

A
  • Response an object has to the applied force
  • Measured by the degree of deformation
86
Q

Define torsion?

A

Twist reaction

87
Q

Define tension?

A
  • Tensile force
  • Linear forces pulling outwards from the object
  • Stretching
88
Q

Define bending?

A

Compression and tensile stress forces

89
Q

What is compression?

A

Ability for a substance to being forced into a lesser space

90
Q

Define shear force?

A

Opposing forces are applied to each side of the object

91
Q

Phase of matter that is incompressible?

A

Solid

92
Q

Define incompressible?

A

Resists the object from being able to be crushed

93
Q

Define specific gravity?

Include, reference substance for solids / liquids as well as gases

A

A measure of how the density of one substance is compared to another substance

Solids and liquids - Water at 4 degrees
Gas - NTP Air at 20 degrees

94
Q

Formula for linear velocity?

A

Displacement / Time

95
Q

Spinning part on a gyroscpe?

A

Rotor

96
Q

Rigidity of a gyroscope?

Factors that affects the rigidity?

A

Resist any forces applied to it to change the direction

Factors:
- Mass of rotor
- Speed of rotation
- Distance that the mass acts from the centre

97
Q

Factors that increase the rate of gyroscope precision?

A
  • Strength and direction of the applied force
  • Inertia of the rotor
  • Angular velocity
98
Q

How do you reduce the viscosity of a substance?

A

Heat it

99
Q

Difference between laminar and turbulent flow?

A

Laminar - steady
Turbulent - Particles are moving at different speeds, bouncing off each other and colliding creating turbulence

100
Q

What is the unit of measure for specific gravity?

A

It does not have one - it is a ratio

101
Q

Purpose of streamlining aircrafts?

A

Reduce turbulence

102
Q

Principles of streamlining a sonic aircraft?

A
  • Forward part to be rounded
  • Body to gradually curve back from the midsection
  • To tapper off at the rear
103
Q

Define pressure?

A

Continuous force exerted on or against an object by something contact it

104
Q

How does pressure change with depth?

A

Increases

105
Q

What tool is used to measure pressure in the atmosphere?

A

Barometer

106
Q

Principle relied on for hydraulics? and what is it?

A

Pascals principle:
When a force is applied, any increase in pressure on a confined liquid was transmitted equally and undiminished to all parts of the container

107
Q

How is lift created with the wings on an aircraft?

A

An aircraft wing, called an aerofoil is shaped so that the air has to travel further and faster over the top of the wing - therefore accelerating the air on the upper surface and reducing the static pressure - creating lift

108
Q

How does venturi work?

A
  • Narrow pipe
  • Energy is unchanged
109
Q

What causes liquid to be drawn into the venturi nozzle?

A

Suction point

110
Q

Define power? and SI unit for power?

A

The rate at which energy is transferred from one form to another

SI unit - Watts

111
Q

Formula for power?

A

Work done / time

112
Q

Ratio for density?

A

Mass / Volume

113
Q

How does a barometer work?

A
  • Mercury
  • open and closed end
  • atmospheric pressure pushes down on the mercury and it rises in the tube
114
Q

Torque wrench setting formula?

A

Desired torque x length / length + effective length

115
Q

Law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot be distroyed or created - only changed into different forms

116
Q

Define speed?

A

Ratio of distance and time

117
Q

Formula for speed?

A

Distance / time

118
Q

Define acceleration?

A

Rate at which velocity changes in a given time

119
Q

Define compresibility?

A

Ability of a substance to be forced into a lesser space

120
Q

What is uniform acceleration?

A

Acceleration where the velocity changes at a constant rate

121
Q

Are electrostatic forces exerted more for a solid or liquid?

A

Solid

122
Q

2 types of molecules?

A

Compound and elemental

Compound - different types of atoms mixed - chemically bonded and fixed

Elemental - one type of atoms - pure - chemically bonded and fixed

123
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Not chemically bonded and no fixed ratio

124
Q

What is matter?

A
  • Everything / all things physical in the universe
  • Elements, molecules, compounds
125
Q

Properties of plasma?

A

Move more freely

126
Q

How is it possible to move between different states of matter?

A

Thermal energy

127
Q

Where are the particles found in an atom?

A

Centre - Nucleus - protons and neutrons - contribute to the majority of the mass
Outer orbit - Electrons - very little mass

128
Q

Periodic table?

A
  • Elements in their purest form
  • Metals, metalloids and non metals
129
Q

In terms of properties of materials, define the following:
- Elasticity
- Hardness
- Conductivity

A
  • Elasticity - Allows the material to deform and still remain / return to its original shape
  • Hardness - Ability to resist indentation
  • Conductivity - Permits the transfer of electrical charge or heat through its mass

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