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Core science > Physics 1 > Flashcards

Physics 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do waves transfer?

They do this without transferring what?

A

Transfer energy without transferring matter

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2
Q

What do all electromagnetic waves have in common?

A

They all travel at the same speed through a vacuum – the speed of light (300’000’000m/s)

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3
Q

Name the electromagnetic spectrum from shortest to longest wavelength

A 
Gamma (shortest)
X-rays
Ultra-violet
Visible light
Infra red
Microwaves
Radio waves (longest)
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4
Q

What is a longitudinal wave and what does it look like?

A

Vibrations in the same direction as the wave (e.g. sound)

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5
Q

What can happen when radiation is absorbed by a substance?

A

Radiation may make things hotter, or set up an alternating current with the same frequency as the radiation itself

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6
Q

What are the effects of these types of electromagnetic radiation on living cells: -

a) Radio waves & visible light
b) Microwaves & infrared
c) X-rays, UV and gamma rays

A

Radio waves & visible light have very little effect on cells
Microwaves and infrared can cause heating of cells
X-rays, UV and gamma rays can cause ionization of cells and lead to mutations, cancers and death

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7
Q

How can the harmful effects of X-rays be reduced

A

Reducing exposure & using lead aprons

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8
Q

How can the harmful effects of UV radiation be reduced?

A

Reduce exposure to the Sun (using a broad spectrum sun screen)

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9
Q

How are these electromagnetic waves used: -

a) Radio waves
b) Microwaves

A

Radio waves: communications

Microwaves: heating food & sending information (e.g. mobile phones)

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10
Q

How are these electromagnetic waves used: -

a) Infrared
b) Visible light

A

Infrared: communications (phone & via optical fibres), remote controls and electric heaters

Visible light: used to send information via optical fibres

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11
Q

How are these electromagnetic waves used: -

a) Ultra-violet
b) X-rays

A

UV: security tags and sun-beds

X-rays: imaging the body (broken bones)

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12
Q

How are gamma rays used?

A

Sterilising surgical equipment by killing bacteria & radiotherapy for cancer patients

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13
Q

Which 4 forms of electromagnetic radiation can be used for communications?

A

Communications via: radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves (optical fibres) and visible light (optical fibres)

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14
Q

Why are microwaves used to communicate with satellites?

A

Microwaves are able to pass through the Earth’s atmosphere to reach the distant satellites

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15
Q

What is a transverse wave and what does it look like?

A

Vibrations which are sideways (e.g. light

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16
Q

What are rarefactions and compressions?

A

Regions where the wave is pulled apart (rarefactions) and pushed together (compressions)

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17
Q

What is the formula for calculating the speed of a wave (triangle will also help)

A

Speed (m/s) = Frequency (Hz) x Wavelength (m)

18
Q

What properties effect waves?

A

Waves can be reflected, refracted and diffracted

19
Q

How can light be reflected?

A

Light can reflect off an even surface (clear) or from an uneven surface (diffuse)

20
Q

What is refraction?

A

Refraction occurs as light can bend at the boundary between materials of different densities

21
Q

What is the link between the angle of incidence and an angle of reflection

A

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

22
Q

How can the refractive index be worked out?

A

Refractive index = sin i ÷ sin r

23
Q

What is constructive interference?

A

Where two waves arrive in step reinforcing one another (increasing the amplitude)

24
Q

What happens if the size of a gap is made similar to the wavelength of a wave?

A

diffraction increases

25
Q

What is destructive interference?

A

Where two waves arrive out of step cancelling one another out ———-

26
Q

What happens to diffraction if the wavelength is increased?

A

diffraction increases

27
Q

What does the law of reflection state

A

that the reflected angle (r) and the incident angle (i) are equal, the same

28
Q

What is the bending of light called

A

refraction

29
Q

what happens to the speed of refracted light when it travels from air into water

A

slows down

30
Q

What does the red-shift provide evidence for?

A

The big bang – galaxies are moving away from us, providing evidence that the universe is still expanding after the explosion of the big bang

31
Q

How do optic fibres work, and what are they used for?

A

Optic fibres carry information (light / infra red) via total internal reflection (used for networking / endoscopes)

32
Q

How do people who work with radiation monitor their exposure?

A

Photo film badges, half covered with paper and half covered with foil – the film turns black if radiation hits it (top half = beta, all = gamma)

33
Q

What is red-shift?

A

When light rays moving away from us appear red, as the wavelength becomes stretched

34
Q

What is cosmic microwave background radiation?

A

The relatively uniform background radiation is the remains of energy created just after the Big Bang

35
Q

What properties does an image in a plane mirror have?

A

Image is the same size, it is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front, and it is formed from diverging rays meaning it is virtual

36
Q

What is amplitude?

A

A measure of how loud a sound is (how much energy is carried) The height of the wave

37
Q

What is pitch?

A

Pitch is how high or low a sound is, dependent upon the frequency of the waves

38
Q

What type of EM radiation can we detect with our own senses?

A

Visible light

39
Q

What colour of light is refracted the most and why?

A

Violet (it has the shortest wavelength)

40
Q

In order, what are the colours of the rainbow

A

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

Core science (2 decks)

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