physical science midterm 1 Flashcards
A recording of the substance that produces hydrogen ions in a water solution. The level of acid in substances.
Acidity
They are found in group IA. The elements within this chemical family have one valence electron that is easily lost.
Alkali Metals
They are found in group IIA. The elements within this chemical family have two valence electrons that can be readily lost.
Alkaline Earth Metals
A particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons that is emitted from a decaying atomic nucleus.
Alpha Particle
smallest unit into which matter can be divided without the release of electrically charged particles. It also is the smallest unit of matter that has the characteristic properties of a chemical element. Particles that makeup matter that are too small to see are known as ____. ____ are composed of mostly empty space. The nucleus of a(n) ___ contains protons and neutrons. The negatively charged particle outside the nucleus is the electron.
Atom
the number at the top of each element box, is the number of protons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in the atom.
Atomic Number
The average _____, sometimes called atomic weight, of an element is the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. Average masses are generally shown in unified atomic mass units (u), where 1 u is equal to exactly one-twelfth the mass of a neutral atom of carbon-12.
Atomic Mass
A chemical equation with the same number of each element on both sides of the equation.
Balanced Chemical Equation
High energy electron that is emitted when a neutron decays into a proton.
Beta Particle
A compound that is composed of two elements.
Binary Compound
This is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. In other words, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other as long as the temperature and the quantity of gas are kept constant. _____ was put forward by the Anglo-Irish chemist Robert Boyle in the year 1662.
Boyle’s Law
This is the scattering of a beam of light by a medium containing small suspended particles. For example smoke or dust in a room, which makes visible a light beam entering a window.
Tyndall Effect
________ are members of the actinide series beyond uranium, beginning with neptunium/ atomic number 93. These are artificially produced in nuclear reactors, accelerators, or explosions of nuclear weapons.
Transuranium Element
A process of changing one element to another through radioactive decay.
Transmutation
____ are elements that have partially filled subshell partially filled with electrons, or an element that has the ability to form stable cations with an incompletely filled orbital. In general, any element of groups 3-12 is considered to be a _____. The lanthanides and the actinides can be considered as transition metals.
Transition Elements
A radioactive isotope such as iodine 131 that can be detected by the radiation it emits after it is absorbed by a living organism.
Tracer
the general increase in the volume of a material as its temperature is increased. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change.
Thermal Expansion
Thermal energy is the total energy of the motion of the particles in an object. Thermal energy flows from warmer matter to cooler matter. The greater the energy of the particles in the warmer parts of the material transferred to the particles in the cooler parts. The transfer of thermal energy is known as heat. Metals conduct thermal energy easily because the valence electrons within a metal are free to move. Electrons in the warmer part of the metal can transfer energy to electrons in the cooler part of the metal.
Thermal Conductivity
A chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a different substance.
Synthesis reaction
The elemental symbol is an abbreviation of the element name. Some periodic tables do not include the element names, only the symbols.
Symbol
a type of matter with a fixed composition. ________ is made up of only one form of atom is an element.
Substance
This is a conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid. An example is the vaporization of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) at ordinary atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Sublimation
An attractive force that acts between protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
Strong force
The part of the solution usually present in the largest amount.
Solvent
this is the same thing as a homogeneous mixture. Some might be solids dissolved in liquids, but they can also be solid and gas, solid and solid, and gas and liquid, etc. a special kind of mixture that has 2 phases/parts. It contains a solvent and at least one solute and it has the same properties throughout.
Solution
The substance that is dissolved.
Solute
is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. _____ is a characteristic property of a specific solute–solvent combination, ______ is a characteristic property of a specific solute/solvent combination, and different substances have varying ____________.
Solubility
A chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound.
Single-displacement reaction
NaCl (table salt) Salt is a substance that results in the formation of a neutralization reaction of acids and bases.
Salt
A reaction that can proceed in both the forward and the reverse directions.
Reversible Reaction
The gain of electrons by the atoms of a substance in a chemical reaction.
Reduction
The ability to react. The degree to which a substance shows chemical change when mixed with another substance. It is a measurement of how much a substance reacts with others.
Reactivity
The rate at which reactants change into products in chemical reaction.
Reaction Rate
The lanthanide series and the actinide series, located at the bottom of the periodic table, are the inner transition metals (the ______ metals).
Rare Earth Metals
A process that occurs when a nucleus decays and emits matter and energy.
Radioactivity
_______ are made up of atoms whose nuclei are unstable and give off atomic radiation as part of a process of attaining stability. The common 4 radioactive elements are Uranium, Radium, Polonium, and Thorium. All elements can have radioactive isotopes. If enough neutrons are added to an atom, it becomes unstable and decays. Each element is followed by the most stable known isotope and its half-life.
Radioactive Element
Scientists infer that protons and neutrons (not electrons) are composed of smaller particles.
Quark
Particles in the nucleus of an atom with an electric charge of 1+.
Proton
In a chemical reaction, the new substances formed.
Products
The burning of logs in a fireplace is the reaction of the wood and oxygen along with a heat initiation source. When this reaction occurs, a large amount of energy is produced. This energy is in the form of both heat and light. This type of reaction is a combustion reaction.
Production Of Light
Mixing antacids with water creates the gas carbon dioxide. Anytime molecules rearrange to form a gas as a byproduct of a chemical reaction, you can be sure that a chemical change has occurred.
Production of a Gas
This is a positively or negatively charged covalently bonded group of atoms.
Polyatomic ion
A neutral molecule in which unequal electron sharing results in a positive end and a slightly negative end.
Polar molecule
A covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally. This results in a slightly positive and slightly negative end. You can predict whether or not molecules will mix together to form chemical solutions. The general rule is that “like dissolves like”, which means polar molecules will dissolve into other polar liquids.
Polar bond
In physics, it contains a significant portion of charged particles (ions) and/or electrons. The presence of these charged particles is what primarily sets _______ apart from the other fundamental states of matter. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe (stars.)
Plasma
_______ is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. Examples include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and thermal conductivity. ___________ of matter include properties that describe the substance, such as color, smell, boiling point, and density.
Physical Property
This is a table that organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows (called periods) and columns (called groups) according to increasing atomic number. Scientists use the _______ to quickly refer to information about an element, like atomic mass and chemical symbol.
Periodic Table