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Junior Year Exam's > Physical Science Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Physical Science Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What does an AU stand for? How far is it?

A

Au= Astronomical Units, it is the distance between the sun and earth, which is 150,000,000 KM.

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2
Q

What is the shape of each planet’s orbit around the sun?

A

An Ellipse.

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3
Q

What stellar objects form into solar systems?

A

Planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.

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4
Q

What does Heliocentric mean?

A

Having the sun in the center, and planets orbit the sun.

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5
Q

What does geocentric mean?

A

Having the earth in the center, and every planet circling the earth.

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6
Q

Why is the surface of Venus so hot (hotter than Mercury even)?

A

Thick atmosphere, carbon dioxide dominance, and runaway greenhouse effect.

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7
Q

Where do you find asteroids in our solar system?

A

Between Mars and Jupiter.

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8
Q

What does Geocentric mean?

A

Having the earth in the center, and planets orbit the earth.

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9
Q

Why is the surface of Venus so hot. (Hotter than Mercury even!)

A

Thick atmosphere, carbon dioxide domination, greenhouse effect.

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10
Q

Where do you find asteroids in our solar system?

A

Between Mars and Jupiter.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a dwarf planet?

A

Orbits the sun, has enough mass to be round, has not cleared it orbit of debris.

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12
Q

What is the name for the belt of objects that orbit beyond Neptune?

A

Kuiper Belt.

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13
Q

What is another name for the inner planets?

A

Terrestrial Planets.

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14
Q

What is another name for the outer planets?

A

Jovian planets or Gas Gaints.

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15
Q

what do you call a meteoroid that has entered the earth’s atmosphere? That has crashed into the earth’s surface?

A

A meteorite.

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16
Q

What are the parts of a comet?

A
  1. Nucleus
    2.Comet Orbits
    3.Dust tail
    4.Ion tail
    5.Coma
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17
Q

What planet has confirmed life and liquid water?

A

Earth.

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18
Q

What is retrograde motion?

A

The motion of the object in a direction opposite to the primary motion.

19
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

A

Speed: speed is the time rate at which an object is moving along a path.

Velocity: while velocity is the rate and direction of an object’s movement.

20
Q

What does the slope of a distance time graph describe?

A

The speed of an object.

21
Q

What is needed to describe motion completely?

A

Specify both the speed and its direction, which together are called velocity, as well as its position relative to a reference point and any changes in velocity over time.

22
Q

What is a frame of reference?

A

An arbitrary set of axes with reference to which the position or motion of something is described or physical laws are formulated.

23
Q

What is the SI unit and symbol for measuring distance?

A

The meter, and its symbol is m.

24
Q

Describe the difference between distance and displacement?

A

Distance is the length of the path taken by an object whereas displacement is the simply the distance between where the object started and where it ended up.

25
Q

Is it possible for distance and displacement to be equal?

A

Yes, distance and displacement can be equal only when an object moves in a straight line without changing direction.

26
Q

Define Speed.

A

The rate at which someone or something is able to move or operate.

27
Q

What is the SI unit for speed?

A

Meter per second or m/s.

28
Q

How are speed and velocity different?

A

Speed is a scalar quantity that measures how fast an object is moving, only considering the magnitude of its motion (distance traveled over time), while velocity is a vector quantity that measures both the speed and direction of an object’s movement, taking into account its displacement over time; essentially, velocity is “speed with a direction” making it the key difference between the two terms.

29
Q

Define acceleration.

A

Rate at which velocity changes with time, in terms of both speed and direction.

30
Q

What is the SI unit for acceleration?

A

Meter per second squared or m/s^2.

31
Q

What are the three types of changes associated with acceleration?

A

A change in speed, a change in direction, or a change in both speed and direction.

32
Q

Define free fall.

A

Downward movement under the force of gravity only.

33
Q

What would a negative acceleration mean?

A

An object is slowing down, or decreasing its speed, in relation to the chosen positive direction of motion.

34
Q

What is Newton’s 1st law of motion?

A

An object at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force.

35
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd law of motion?

A

The acceleration of the body is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

36
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd law of motion?

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

37
Q

What is the formula for Momentum?

A

P=mv

38
Q

What is the unit for a force?

A

Newton or N

39
Q

An unbalanced force causes a object to accelerate.

A

True

40
Q

What type of charge do Protons have?

A

Positive

41
Q

What type of charge do electrons have?

A

Negative

42
Q

What type of charge do neutrons have?

A

No change

43
Q

How many electrons will fit in the first orbit of an atoms? 1st? 2nd? 3rd?

A

2 electrons.
1st- 2 electrons.
2nd- 8 electrons.
3rd- 18 electrons.

44
Q

Which side of the periodic table is more reactive? Inactive?

A

The left side is generally considered more reactive, while the elements on the far right (noble gases) are considered the most inactive.

Junior Year Exam's (2 decks)

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