Physical Science Exam Prep Flashcards
core electrons
Electrons in the energy levels below the outermost energy level.
covalent bond
Sharing of at least one pair of electrons by two non-metal atoms.
electron affinity
Electron affinity is the quantity of energy released when an electron is
added to an atom in the ground state.
electronegativity
A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of
electrons.
ionic bond
A transfer of electrons and subsequent electrostatic attraction.
ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove one electron from an atom in
the gaseous phase.
isotopes
Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number
but different numbers of neutrons.
metallic bonding
Bonding between a positive kernel and a sea of delocalized electrons.
non-polar covalent
(pure covalent)
An equal sharing of electrons.
polar covalent
Unequal sharing of electrons leads to a dipole forming.
valence electrons
Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
condensation
The process of a gas becoming a liquid.
deposition
The process of a gas becoming a solid.
evaporation
The process of a liquid becoming a gas.
freezing
The process of a liquid becoming a solid.
melting
The process of a solid becoming a liquid.
sublimation
The process of a solid becoming a gas.
boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid starts to become a gas.
freezing point
The temperature at which a liquid starts to become a solid.
melting point
The temperature at which a solid starts to become a liquid.
compound
A compound consists of particles that are made up of more than one type
of atoms, and the different types of atoms are joined together chemically.
element
An element cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
heterogeneous mixture
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where we can still see the different components of the mixture.
homogenous mixture
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture that exists as only one phase so
that we cannot distinguish visually between the different components of
the mixture.
mixture
A mixture consists of two or more pure substances that can be mixed
together in any ratio.
pure substance
A pure substance consists of the same type of particles throughout.
law of conservation of mass
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of all the reactants equals the total
mass of all the products.
law of constant composition
A specific chemical compound always contains the same elements in the
same ratio.
solute
The substance that is dissolved in the solution.
solvent
The substance in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution.
solution
A homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent.
dissociation
The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions.
ionization
The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions.
hydration
Hydration is the process in which ions are surrounded by water molecules in a water solution.
electrolyte
A substance that can conduct electricity by forming free ions when molten or dissolved in solution.
molar mass
The mass in grams of one mole of that substance.
concentration
The amount of solute per unit volume of solution.
standard solution
A solution with a known concentration
solute
The substance that is dissolved in the solution.
solvent
The substance in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution.
solution
A homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent.
H
hydrogen
He
helium
Li
lithium
Be
beryllium
B
boron
C
carbon
N
nitrogen
O
oxygen
F
fluorine
