Physical Science Flashcards

1
Q

elements

A

each of 100+ substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into smaller substances and are primary constituents of matter.

each element is distinguished by atomic number.

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2
Q

compounds

A

A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together

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3
Q

mixture

A

two or more substances which have been combined such that each substance retains its own chemical identity.

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4
Q

atom

A

the smallest component of an element; consists of neutrons, protons, and electrons

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5
Q

molecules

A

a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

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6
Q

ions

A

an electrically charged atom or group of atoms; when the atom or molecule loses or gains 1 or more electrons

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7
Q

solids, liquids, gases

A

solids: definite shape, definite volume, molecules close and connected by intermolecular bonds
liquids: definite volume, no definite shape (take shape of container they’re in), molecules fairly close, weak intermolecular bonds
gases: no definite volume or shape, expand to fill the container, molecules far apart and moving freely, few intermolecular forces

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8
Q

atomic models

A

Dalton’s model: just one small object, didn’t not know about nucleus or electrons or anything like that
Thomson’s model: knew about smaller particles but not about the nucleus, thought negatively charge particles floated in positively charged “soup”
Rutherford’s model: introduced positively charged core (nucleus) with electrons that orbit the nucleus
Bohr’s model: introduced the levels of electrons

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9
Q

atomic structure

A

protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, electrons orbit the nucleus in shells or orbitals

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10
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

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11
Q

atomic mass

A

the mass of the atomic particle, number of protons+neutrons

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12
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element (same protons) with different numbers of neutrons

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13
Q

electron arrangements/valence electrons

A

electrons arranged in shells: 2 in first shell, 8 in second, 18 in third, etc.

valence electrons are the electrons associated w the atom and is available to participate in bonding to another atom. the electrons on the outside

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14
Q

radioisotopes

A

atoms that contain and unstable amount of neutrons and protons

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15
Q

radioactive decay processes and half-life

A

radioactive decay: the process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation

half life: how quickly unstable atoms undergo decay and how long stable atoms survive decay

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16
Q

alpha and beta particles

A

alpha particles are positively charged particles released by radioactive decay

beta: high energy, high speed, electron or positron emitted during radioactive decay

17
Q

gamma radiation

A

a high frequency radiation that consists of high-energy photons

18
Q

fission and fusion

A

fission: when the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts; the process produces free neutrons and photons and releases a lot of energy
fusion: when two or more atomic nuclei come very close and then collide at a very high speed and join to form a new nucleus

19
Q

the laws of thermodynamics

A

1st:
2nd:

20
Q

conservation of matter in chemical systems

A

.

21
Q

kinetic vs. potential energy

A

.

22
Q

transformations between different forms of energy

A

.

23
Q

chemical properties/changes

A

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24
Q

physical properties/changes

A

.

25
Q

temperature scales

A

.

26
Q

transfer of thermal energy

A

.

27
Q

conduction

A

.

28
Q

convection

A

.

29
Q

radiation

A

.

30
Q

calorimetry

A

.