PHYSICAL SCIENCE Flashcards
3 CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCE
Formal Science
Social Science
Natural Science
3 THEORIES FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE
BIBLICAL
STEADY STATE THEORY
BIGBANG THEORY
God created the universe in the span of six days.
BIBLICAL
Universe is in the same state into eternal past and eternal future and only the present moment exists.
Steady State
What is Bigbang Theory
The universe is expanding, and originated in infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point called singularity. And there was a violent explosion which caused the inflation and expansion of the universe.
who are the two person behind the BigBang Theory
Georges Lemaitre
Edwin Hubble
Spectrum Shift
Red- MOVING AWAY
Blue- MOVING TOWARDS US
defined as any of the natural sciences (such as physics,
chemistry, and astronomy) that deal primarily with nonliving materials.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Within the first second after the explosion,
subatomic particles such as ___, ____, AND ____ were formed.
protons, neutrons and electrons
As the expanding universe cooled, the protons
and neutrons started o fuse to form
heavier nuclei of
deuterium
an isotope of hydrogen with one neutron and one
proton). and some into helium.
deuterium
What is proton
are positively charged atoms
What is electron
negatively charged atoms
What is neutron
neutral / no charged atoms
are the tiniest particle of an
element that retains the chemical
properties of that element.
Atom
All atoms are made up of the ____ and
the ____
nuclei and electrons
At the center of the atom is
the ____ which composed of protons
and neutrons.
nucleus
What’s inside the nucleus
protons and neutrons
Nucleons
units of protons and neutrons
atoms that have the same
number of protons but different number of
neutrons. Isotopes can be written using the
element symbol, the atomic mass and
atomic number.
isotopes
Greek Word Iso meaning
same
Greek word Topos meaning
place
Three theoretical physicists that predicted that if the early stage of the universe was hot and dense, then an afterglow of radiation must have\ filled up the universe brought about by the cooling process.
George Gamow
Robert Herman
Ralph Alpher
the afterglow of radiation must have
filled up the universe brought about by the
cooling process.
cosmic microwave background or cosmic background radiation
nucleosynthesis
The process began with the fusion of protons and
neutrons to form nuclei in a process
refers to the process of producing the “ light elements “
shortly after Big Bang.
Primordial or Bigbang Nucleosynthesis
The light includes ______ at its _____, ____ ____ ___
hydrogen, isotopes
Helium-3, Helium-4 and Lithium-7.
What happens when universe expanded??
the temperature
decreased, forming a stabilized number of
protons and neutrons; with protons
outnumbering the neutrons in a 7:1 ratio.
nuclear fusion
protons can be combined with neutrons
to form heavier nuclei in the process
nuclear fusion
protons can be combined with neutrons
to form heavier nuclei in the process
Nucleosynthesis in stars is called _____ the process responsible for the formation of heavy elements.
stellar nucleosynthesis
The two key processes of stellar nucleosynthesis
nuclear fusion and neutron capture.
Elements formed by fusion with five to eight
nucleons are very _____. This is the main
reason why ___ ____ and ____ only
occur in trace amounts during the big bang.
unstable
lithium, beryllium, boron
Proton – proton cycle
REACTION LIBERATES ENERGY BY THE CONVERSION OF MASS.
for
more massive star – a catalytic reaction wherein
carbon initiates the sequence of reactions. The
process produces carbon -12, which can
participate in another CNO cycle.
Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen Cycle
what is Neutron Capture Process
are responsible for
the production of post–iron elements in
stars.
s- process ( slow addition of neutrons )
relatively low neutron densities and at
intermediate temperature conditions in stars.
The rate of neutron capture by the atomic
nuclei is slow relative to the rate of radioactive
beta decay.
It means that a nucleus will undergo beta
decay before another neutron is captured –
produces stable isotopes.
r – process
occurs at high neutron densities. Neutron
capture is fast enough that the resulting
nucleus has no time to undergo beta decay.
involves the
production of new elements during
supernova.
During the explosion, a high concentration of
neutrons are emitted.
Supernova nucleosynthesis
What is nova?
white dwarf that temporarily and suddenly increases in
brightness
Although the word nova mean “new star,” it is ____
not
Leucippus
Is the teacher of Democritus
Father of Greek Atomisim
Democritus
Who discovered the Atoms
Leucippus and Democritus
First atomic theory of matter was introduced in around _____
420 BCE.
Greek word___ – uncuttable.
Atomos
Atoms exist in an empty space, which he called____, that
separates them from each other. This space allows the atoms to
move.
void,
English scientist (1766-1844) who used the idea of the indivisible
atom to explain the Law of chemical combination.
He pictured the atom as a tiny, indestructible sphere with mass.
He is known as one of the fathers of modern physical science.
John Dalton
How to get the neutron
Atomic Mass-Proton
How many horizontal rows there are in the periodic table?
7
how many vertical columns or groups/
family.
18 vertical rows
ACROSS THE TABLE
Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)
These elements have the same number of valence shells.
Down the Periodic Table
Family: Table Are arranged vertically down the periodic table
These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.
belongs to a
family of its own.
is a diatomic,
reactive gas.
was involved in
the explosion of the
Hindenberg.
is promising as
an alternative fuel source
for automobiles
Hydrogen
- 1st column on the periodic
table (Group 1) not including
hydrogen. - Very reactive metals, always
combined with something
else in nature (like in salt). - Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife
Alkali Metals
*Second column on the
periodic table. (Group 2)
* Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
*Several of these
elements are important
mineral nutrients (such
as Mg and Ca
Alkaline Earth Metals
- Elements in groups 3- 12
- Less reactive harder
metals - Includes metals used
in jewelry and
construction. - Metals used “as
metal.”
Transitional Metals
*Elements in group 13
*Aluminum metal was
once rare and
expensive, not a
“disposable metal.”
Boron Family
- Elements in group 14
- Contains elements
important to life and
computers. - Carbon is the basis
for an entire branch
of chemistry.
*Silicon and Germanium
are important
semiconductors.
Carbon Family
- Elements in group 15
- Nitrogen makes up over 3⁄4
of the atmosphere. - Nitrogen and phosphorus
are both important in living
things. - Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not available to
living things.
*The red stuff on the tip of
matches is phosphorus.
Nitrogen Family
*Elements in group 16
*Oxygen is necessary
for respiration.
*Many things that
stink, contain sulfur
(rotten eggs, garlic,
skunks,etc.)
Oxygen
*Elements in group 17
*Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
*Always found combined
with other element in
nature .
*Used as disinfectants
and to strengthen
teeth.
Halogens
*Elements in group 18
*VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
*Used in lighted “neon”
signs
*Have a full valence shell.
Noble Gas
*rare-earth metals, and some
say inner-transition elements.
*fifteen elements starting
with lanthanum (La) at atomic
number 57 and finishing up
with lutetium (Lu)
*Superconductors, glass
production or lasers
Lanthanide
*radioactive and
some are not found
in nature.
*Some have only
been made in
laboratory
Actanide
charged particles which results when atom lose/gains electrons
ion
are forces of
attraction between molecules responsible for the
existence of the different states of matter.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Strong
intermolecular forces tend to yield ____ and
solids;
liquids and
solids
while weak intermolecular forces favor
_____
favor
formation of gases.
5 states of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate
interaction exists
between ions and based on
Coulomb’s law where the force
of attraction between two
oppositely charged ions is
directly proportional to the
magnitude of the charges of
the ions but inversely
proportional to the distance
between two ions.
ion-ion
interaction exists
between ions and a polar covalent
compound. The interaction becomes
stronger as either the charge of the
ion increases or as the polarity of the
molecules increases.
ION-DIPOLE
bonding
exists between polar molecules
containing a hydrogen atom bonded
to any of the most highly
electronegative atoms- flourine,
oxygen and nitrogen.
HYDROGEN bonding or H
interaction occur between
polar covalent molecules
due to the attraction of the
partial positive atoms f one
molecule to the partial
negative atoms of other
molecules.
DIPOLE –DIPOLE
interaction occurs between
polar covalent and non polar
covalent.
DIPOLE –INDUCED DIPOLE
DISPERSION FORCES occur among nonpolar substances like
CO2, H2, and noble gases. These forces are caused by
fluactuations in the electron distribution within molecules or
atoms; these forces are present in all molecules and atoms.
INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE
STRENGTH OF IMFA AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
BOILING POINT
MELTING POINT
VISCOSITY
SURFACE TENSION
VAPOR PRESSURE
a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor
pressure equals to atmospheric pressure.
BOILING POINT
a substance is the temperature at which solid and
liquid phases coexist in equilibrium.
MELTING POINT
resistance to flow of a liquid.
VISCOSITY
energy required to increase the surface area
by a unit amount.
SURFACE TENSION
substance is the pressure
exerted by its vapor state;
and reflects the escaping
tendency that indicates a
liquid’s evaporation rate.
VAPOR PRESSURE
are the most abundant type of organic macromolecules on earth.
These sugar polymers and the term carbohydrates was coined from the atom carbon plus
water, meaning hydrated carbon.
*CARBOHYDRATES
are group of organic molecules that are insoluble in water because of their lack of many functional
groups.
lipids
LIPID PROFILE
Cholesterol
Triglyceride
HDL
LDL
VLDL
are complex molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids
linked by peptide bonds.
PROTEINS
*Amino Acids (300)
building blocks of proteins.
are the genetic material of a
cell, or the substances that
store the information known as
genes.
Nucleic Acid
that can be easily replenished
because there are infinite sources
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy sources:
solar energy,
biomass,
geothermal,
wind
hydrothermal
energy.
They are
not replenished since there are finite
resources of fossil fuels on the
planet.
Non-Renewable Energy
Non Renewable energy sources:
include fossil fuels
natural gas,
coal
oil
nuclear energy.
oldest known
energy sources that has been
used for thousands of years.
biomass
Biomass can be
converted directly into liquid
and gaseous fuels collectively
called as _____
.
biofuels
gaseous biofuel that
is made primarily of methane
and carbon dioxide gas.
Biogas
The sun as the ultimate source of
energy offers an abundant and non
polluting source of energy.
Solar Energy
offers an enormous and
clean source of energy. It comes
from the intense heat
Geothermal Energy
Hydropower Energy
Pressure
Hydrothermal
Temperature
Wind Energy
Hangin
originated from the
decomposition of organic matter
on Earth.
Fossil Fuel
Law of Octave
John Newlands
measure of tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself
electronegativity
