physical properties/histology of CV system

Question 1

normal HR and normal stroke volume

Answer 1

60-100 bpm about 100mL

Question 2

structure of ventricles: r vs L structure of atria: R vs L

Answer 2

right ventricle has a thinner wall and lower pressure left atria is larger and lower pressure

Question 3

myocardiocytes

Answer 3

NOT a syncytium like skeletal muscle central nuclei, sarcomeres, no end motor plates adjacent cells communicate via gap junctions

Question 4

epicardium vs myocardium vs endocardium

Answer 4

epi - layer of CT and fat; additional layer of protection for the heart, under the pericardium. myo - muscle tissue, cardiomyocytes, endo - layer of endothelial cells and lines the inner surface of the heart; barrier and filtration

Question 5

valve tissue…

Answer 5

is nOT muscular

Question 6

artery wall vs ventricle wall

Answer 6

artery wall is smooth muscle and ventricle is cardiac muscle

Question 7

Question 8

Question 9

histology of purkinje fibers and location

Answer 9

larger and paler than myocytes

close to surface of endocardium

Question 10

movement of blood?

oppose movement of blood?

Answer 10

flow (Q)

resistance (R)

Question 11

three layers of vessel walls

Answer 11

intima, media, adventitia

Question 12

pressure is pulsatile in the____

pressure decreases in vasculature going from ___ to ____

Answer 12

arteries

left ventricle to right atrium

Question 13

what layer of vessel wall has CT and sparse smooth muscle?

what layer is thicker in arteries?

Answer 13

adventitia

media

Question 14

veins vs arteries

Answer 14

veins have irregular shape and thinner media(wall)

Question 15

venules vs veins

Answer 15

venules have no smooth muscle while veins do

venules are smaller

Question 16

what are the key controllers of resistance in vasculature?

Answer 16

SMALL VESSELS

arterioles and venules

Question 17

is small vessels, ____ increases and ____ decreases

Answer 17

Surface area increases and velocity decreases

Question 18

mechanism of smooth muscle activation

Answer 18

elevated Ca

activates calmodulin(CaM–>.CaCaM)

myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates myosin lt chain

muscle contraction

Question 19

what does myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase do?

Answer 19

inhibits phosphorylation of MLC by MLC kinase

so inhibits contraction

Question 20

cAMP and cGMP inhibit what?

Answer 20

Ca elevation

thus inhibit contraction

Question 21

Ca is required for ____ in skeletal muscle and ____ in endothelium

Answer 21

SM - contraction

endo - NOS induction

Question 22

capillaries have NO what?

Answer 22

smooth muscle

Question 23

types of capillaries

Answer 23

Continuous capillaries are continuous, uninterrupted lining, only allow smaller molecules(water and ions) pass through; lipid-soluble molecules, can passively diffuse

Fenestrated capillaries have pores in the endothelial cells, allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse. HAVE BASAL LAMINA

discontinuous capillary, larger openings, allow red and white blood cells and various serum proteins to pass aided by a discontinuous basal lamina. These capillaries lack pinocytotic vesicles, and therefore utilize gaps present in cell junctions to permit transfer between endothelial cells, and hence across the membrane. (marrow, lymph, and adrenal gland

Question 24

contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of capillaries and venules

Answer 24

PERICYTE

respond to NO

Question 25

lymphatic collecting vessels have

Answer 25

one way valves to prevent back flow

three tunic layers but thin and poorly defined