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Physical Pharmacy Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with the physicochemical principles underlying the dev’t of a successful dosage form.

A

PHYSICAL PHARMACY

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2
Q

Forces WITHIN the molecule

A

INTRAmolecular

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3
Q

forces between molecules to exists as aggregates in gases, liquids, and solids

A

INTERmolecular

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4
Q

Forces BETWEEN molecules to exists as aggregates in gases, liquids, and solids

A

INTERmolecular

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5
Q

Attraction of LIKE molecules

A

COHESION

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6
Q

Attraction of UNLIKE molecules

A

ADHESION

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7
Q

Arise when dipolar molecules approach e/o; “+ to +” or “- to -”.

A

REPULSIVE FORCES

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8
Q

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

▪ Weak forces than covalent bond (50 to 100 kcal/mole) and ionic bond (100 to 1000 kcal/mole).
▪ Molecular interactions involved in solubility, complexation, and other physical bonding phenomena.
▪ Exist between ALL atoms + molecules.
▪ Critically dependent on the separation distance of the atoms or molecules from each other.

A

VAN DER WAALS FORCES

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9
Q
  • Between POLAR molecules
  • 1-7 kcal/mole
  • H2O, HCl, Alcohol, Acetone, Phenol
A

Dipole-Dipole
[Keesom Forces]

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10
Q
  • A POLAR molecule can produce a temporary electric
    dipole in NON-POLAR molecules that are easily
    polarizable.
  • 1-3 kcal/mole
  • Ethylacetate, Methylene Chloride, Ether
A

Dipole-Induced Dipole
[Debye Forces]

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11
Q
  • Originate from molecular internal vibrations in NON-POLAR molecules to produce attraction due
    to synchronized fluctuating dipoles in neighboring atoms.
  • Temporary forces
  • Responsible for liquefaction of gases.
  • 0.5 to 1 kcal/mole
  • CS2, CCl4, Hexane
A

Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
[London Induction Forces]

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12
Q

(2)

A

ION-ION, ION-DIPOLE, ION-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES

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13
Q

Exist between milecules containing H + strongly electronegative element.

A

HYDROGEN BONDS

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14
Q

[STATES OF MATTER]

  • Molecules travel in random + rapid motion.
  • Exhibit pressure within confined system (dynes/cm2, mmHg, atm)
  • Volume of gases is the volume of the container into which it is confined (L, cm3, mL)
A

GAS

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15
Q
  • Gases are composed of particles called MOLECULES.
  • Particles of gases do not attract one another but rather move with complete independence.
  • Particles exhibit continuous random motion owing to their kinetic energy.
  • The molecules exhibit perfect elasticity.
A

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

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16
Q

IDEAL GAS EQUATION

A

PV = nRT

PV = (g/mw)RT

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17
Q

P

A

Pressure

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18
Q

V

A

Volume

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19
Q

n

A

Number of moles

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20
Q

R

A

Molar gas constant

0.08205 L-atm/mole-K

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21
Q

[PHARMACEUTICAL GASES]

Compressed Gases (3)

A

Absolute Temperature

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22
Q

[PHARMACEUTICAL GASES]

Anesthetic Gases (2)

A

Nitrous oxide
Halothane

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23
Q

[PHARMACEUTICAL GASES]

Compressed Gases (3)

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide

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24
Q

[PHARMACEUTICAL GASES]

  • propellants in aerosol products.
A

LIQUEFIABLE GASES

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25
[PHARMACEUTICAL GASES] - used to sterilize heat labile products.
ETHYLENE OXIDE
26
[PHASE CHANGES OF GASES] Liquid to Gas
VAPORIZATION
27
Vaporization (4)
Inhalation anesthetics: ETHER, HALOTHANE, METHOXYFLURANE Vasodilator: AMYL NITRITE
28
[PHASE CHANGES OF GASES] Solid to Gas
SUBLIMATION
29
Sublimation (2)
IODINE CAMPHOR
30
[LIQUEFACTION OF GASES] Factors affecting the transition of Gas to Liquid (vaporization) state - ⬇️ Temp. = gas loses its kinetic energy (in the form of heat) = velocity of molecules ⬇️ = becomes liquid
TEMPERATURE
31
Temperature above which a liquid can no longer exist
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
32
CT of H2O
374C 647K
33
CT of He
5.2K
34
[LIQUEFACTION OF GASES] Factors affecting the transition of Gas to Liquid (vaporization) state ⬆️ Pressure = molecules are brought within the sphere of Van der Waals forces = becomes liquid
PRESSURE
35
Pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature; highest vapor pressure in the liquid can have.
CRITICAL PRESSURE
36
CP of H2O
218 atm
37
CP of He
2.26 atm
38
[STATES OF MATTER] IMFs: Van der Waals, Hydrogen Bonding
LIQUID
39
Liquid _____ is repelled rather than attracted to glass, so creates upward meniscus.
Hg
40
Within the body of water, ______ forces acting on a water molecule pull in ALL directions and so cancel out. On the water’s surface, the ______ forces pull the water molecule inwards.
COHESIVE FORCES (both blanks)
41
The ______ forces between the water and the glass cause water molecules to cling to the glass walls and create the well-known shape of the meniscus.
ADHESIVE FORCES
42
[PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID STATES] (4)
VAPOR PRESSURE HEAT OF VAPORIZATION BOILING POINT SURFACE TENSION
43
⬆️ Temp. = ⬆️ __
VP
44
⬆️ Temp. = ⬆️ __
VP
45
The heat absorbed when liquid passed into the forest state.
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
46
The temperature at which the VP equals external or atmospheric pressure(⬇️ Pressure = ⬇️ __)
BOILING POINT
47
Force per unit length applied parallel to surface to counter balance net in word pull (dyne/cm).
SURFACE TENSION
48
- Force per unit length existing at the interface between two immiscible liquid phases (dyne/cm). - reflect the extent of the intermolecular forces of attraction + repulsion at the interface.
INTERFACIAL TENSION
49
[METHODS OF MEASURING SURFACE/INTERFACIAL TENSION] The force of ADHESION between the liquid molecule and the capillary wall is greater than the COHESION between the liquid molecules, so the liquid spread over it = rises in the tube.
CAPILLARY RISE METHOD
50
[METHODS OF MEASURING SURFACE/INTERFACIAL TENSION] - Used to measure surface and interfacial tensions. - the principal is based on force necessary to detach platinum-iridium ring immersed at the surface or interface is proportional to the surface or interfacial tension.
DU NOUY RING METHOD
51
The height (h) that the water will rise due to capillary action is related to the contact angle + radius of tube (a).
COMPUTATION OF SURFACE TENSION
52
Computation of SURFAC TESION (formula)
y = (pga/2) h
53
p
density of water (1000 kg/m3)
54
g
gravity (9.8 m/s2)
55
a
radius
56
h
height
57
[ADSORPTION AT LIQUID INTERFACES] (2) Molecules that are adsorbed at interfaces.
SURFACTANTS
58
The other term for surface active agents is ______ (have affinity for both polar and nonpolar solvent).
AMPHIPHILE
59
Used to classify surfactants
HLB SYSTEM
60
______ = ⬆️ HLB values ______ = ⬇️ HLB values
⬆️ HYDROPHILIC ⬇️ LIPOPHILIC
61
[ADSORPTION AT ______ INTERFACES] - takes place from either adjacent liquid or gas phase
SOLID
62
The study of adsorption is concerned with: (3)
1. Removal of objectionable order from room and food. 2. Operation of gas mask. 3. Measurement of particle dimension of powders.
63
HLB VALUE RANGE 1-3
ANTIFOAMING AGENT
64
HLB VALUE RANGE 4-6
W/O EMULSIFIER
65
HLB VALUE RANGE 7-9
WETTING AGENT
66
HLB VALUE RANGE 8-18
O/W EMULSIFIER
67
HLB VALUE RANGE 13-15
DETERGENT
68
HLB VALUE RANGE 10-18
SOLUBILIZING AGENT
69
[SOLID-GAS INTERFACE] ______ - the material used to adsorb the gas ______ - is substance being adsorbed
ADSORBENT ADSORBATE

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