Physical mental middle child Flashcards
PHYSICAL CHANGES
GROWTH AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT FROM 6 TO 12
General Growth
Large muscle coordination
Fine motor control
Eye–hand coordination improvement
Grow two to three inches and add six pounds a year
Increased large-muscle coordination
Better hand–eye coordination
Significant gains in fine motor control
Girls by age 12: 94 percent of adult height attained
Boys by age 12: 84 percent of adult height attained
PHYSICAL CHANGES
GROWTH AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT FROM 6 TO 12
Gender Differences Girls Faster in overall growth rate Slightly more fat and less muscle Better coordination Boys Faster and strong
THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
Major Middle Childhood Growth Spurts
From six to eight years of age: increases in the sensory and motor cortex
From 10 to 12 years of age: frontal lobes and cerebral cortex add synapses
THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
Frontal lobes and reticular formation links improve.
12-year-olds develop selective, focused attention.
Associational area neurons
Sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked.
Contributes to increases in information-processing speed
COGNITIVE CHANGES
THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
Spatial Perception Lateralization
Lateralization is the idea that the two halves of the brain’s cerebral cortex – left and right.
Improves learning math concepts and problem solving
Spatial Cognition
Ability to infer rules from and make predictions about movements of objects in space
The
VCOGNITIVE CHANGES
HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Asthma: chronic disease that causes airways to become sore and swollen
Causes
Allergens, irritants, weather, exercise, infections
Consequences
Most frequent cause of school absence
HEALTH AND WELLNESS
OBESITY
Obesity: excess body fat that has adverse effects on health
It is the most serious long-term health risk of middle childhood, affecting nearly 1 in 5 children.
Classifications: obese, severely obese, overweight
Associated with adult obesity
COGNITIVE CHANGES
LANGUAGE
I
During the school-aged years, children . . .
Demonstrate improved grammar skills and pronunciation.
Engage in conversation with many ages.
Increase their vocabulary, especially derived words.
COGNITIVE CHANGES
PIAGET’S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
9
Concrete operational stage: able to think logically about concrete concepts, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts
School-aged children:
Understand rules that govern physical reality.
Distinguish between appearance and reality.
Utilize a set of powerful schemas.
COGNITIVE CHANGES
PIAGET’S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
Centration: focusing on only one aspect and ignoring other variables. A child in early childhood.
For example, a well known study place 3 blocks in front of a child.
Then the researcher moved the blocks closer together…
The researcher asked the child if there were fewer blocks. The child stated “Yes, there were fewer blocks.” Why?
Centration
The child is only focused on the space between the blocks changing, not the number of blocks.
Decentration
Decentration: taking multiple variables into account. “Cognitive multitasking”
The child is not in middle childhood.
Reversability
Reversibility: mentally undoing a physical or mental transformation
Moving from personal experience to a general principles
Good at manipulating things that can be seen and touched
https://youtu.be/gA04ew6Oi9M?list=PLvj5colP4dMKY6oGCPDzX4Fn-wRjJPCls
Literacy
Literacy: ability to read and write
Phonological awareness
A balanced approach utilizes systematic and explicit phonics instruction.
Sound–symbol connections and explicit language mechanics instruction
Curriculum flexibility
SECOND-LANGUAGE LEARNERS
Limited English proficient (LEP): Limited ability to read, write, speak, or understand English
English language learners (ELL): Limited English proficiency prevents full participation in regular education classes.
The number of school-aged children who speak a language other than English at home increased from 2.5 million in 1991 to just over 11 million in 2009.
