physical landscapes of the UK

Question 1

meanders

Answer 1

deposition occurs on the inside of a meander and erosion happens on the outside bend

Question 2

hard engineering strategies

Answer 2

groynes, sea walls and gabions

Question 3

river erosion landforms

Answer 3

interlocking spurs
waterfalls
gorges

Question 4

soft engineering strategies

Answer 4

beach nourishment
managed retreats

Question 5

formation of oxbow lakes

Answer 5

1- river meanders due to erosion and deposition
2- sides of the meander continue to erode until the neck of the land erodes away
3-deposition of sediment occurs at the mouth of the river channel
4- cuts meander off forming an oxbow lake

Question 6

spits

Answer 6

1- swash moves up the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind
2-backwash moves down the beach
3- longshore drift transports material across the beach
4- deposition occurs extending beach to river estuary
5-change in wind forms a hook
6 - deposition occurs behind spit forming a salt marsh

Question 7

Banbury case study

Answer 7

social - raised A361 so could stay open throughout times of flooding
economic- cost 18.5 million but protected 100 million pounds worth of homes and businesses
environmental - embankments created habitats

Question 8

waterfall formation

Answer 8

1- river flows over alternative types of rocks
2- soft rock erodes faster creating a step
3- hydraulic action and abrasion form a plunge pool
4- hard rock is undercut leaving cap rock which collapses and provides more material for erosion
5- waterfall retreats forming a steep sided gorge

Question 9

constructive plate margin

Answer 9

plates move apart forming large shield volcanoes like the mid Atlantic ridge

Question 10

destructive plate margin

Answer 10

two plates move towards each other forcing the oceanic plate under can cause large composite volcanoes

Question 11

conservative plate margin

Answer 11

two plates move past each other at different rates and can form earthquakes

Question 12

Chile earthquake CSD

Answer 12

500 killed
1200 injured
$30 billion of damage

Question 13

Nepal earthquake CSD

Answer 13

9000 killed
20,000 injured
$5 billion of damage

Question 14

short term responses comparison Chile and Nepal

Answer 14

short term Chile
- swift emergency service response
-key roads restored in 24 hours
- power and water restored in 10 days

short term Nepal
- overseas aid
-300,000 people migrated for shelter and support from capital
- aid from helicopters and supply drops in remote areas

Question 15

short term responses comparison Chile and Nepal

Answer 15

long term Chile
- strong economy reduced need for foreign aid
- reconstruction plan that helped 200,000
- full recovery within 4 years

long term Nepal
- roads repaired, landslides cleared and flood lakes drained
-international conference to seek technical and financial support

Question 16

reducing risk

Answer 16

monitoring
protection
prediction
planning

Question 17

typhoon Haiyan

Answer 17

6300 killed
40,000 homes were destroyed
November 2013
more destroyed by storm surge afterwards than storm itself

Question 18

typhoon Haiyan secondary effects

Answer 18

million jobs lost
flooding caused landslides
schools destroyed

Question 19

typhoon Haiyan immediate responses

Answer 19

field hospitals
rapid overseas aid
1200 evacuation centres

Question 20

typhoon Haiyan long term responses

Answer 20

rice farming and fishing quickly re established
homes rebuilt in safer areas

Question 21

mass movement

Answer 21

rockfall
landslide
mudflow
rotational slip

Question 22

weathering

Answer 22

biological
chemical
mechanical/physical