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physical landscapes exam Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a headland

A

area of land that sticks out to sea

erosional landforms are usually found here

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2
Q

why do headlands form

A

geology influences the formation of headlands and bays

differential erosion causes some rocks to be eroded faster than other

geological processes such as faulting (fracture in rock where there has been movement and displacement) and folding (process through which crustal rocks are bent) are also important

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3
Q

how do headlands and bays form

A

form on a discordant coast, destructive waves erode the coast through abrasion

differential erosion occurs, soft rock erodes faster creating bays

hard rock erodes slower and remains jutting out creating headlands

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4
Q

meander

A

natural bend in the river

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5
Q

lateral

A

sideways (erosion)

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6
Q

thalweg

A

line of fastest flow in the river

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7
Q

pools

A

deeper areas of the river bed - usually on the outside of a meander

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8
Q

riffles

A

shallow areas in the river often found between bends

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9
Q

river cliff

A

steep outside part of a river

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10
Q

slip off slope/point bar

A

shallow area inside river bend sometimes called river beach

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11
Q

sediment

A

material deposited by river

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12
Q

alluvium (silt)

A

sediment that makes up the flood plain - v fertile so good for farming

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13
Q

migrate

A

movement (of meanders)

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14
Q

bluff

A

edge of the flood plain where the slope of the valley begins

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15
Q

transitional zone

A

part of river affected by both coastal and river processes

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16
Q

mudflats

A

fine sediments left behind in estuary at low tide

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17
Q

saltmarshes

A

vegetated mudflats that develop over time

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18
Q

what are estuaries

A

the transitional zone where the river meets the sea

they are tidal so have 2 periods each day when water level is raised

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19
Q

what are estuaries like

A

have large mudflats that are exposed at low tide

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20
Q

how are meanders formed

A

in the LC, the river is mainly eroding laterally

the natural spiralling motion of water along with the thalweg makes the river adopt a winding shape

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21
Q

what are oxbow lakes

A

horseshoe shaped lakes formed when a meander gets cut off

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22
Q

what are flood plains

A

areas either side of a meander where a river floods

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23
Q

how are flood plains formed

A

over a period of time with many floods that deposit fine alluvium/silt as the river loses its energy

24
Q

what is a levee

A

natural embankment made up of larger sediments deposited closer to the river channel during floods

25
Q

physical factors causing flooding

A

precipitation, geology (rock type), steep slopes

26
Q

human factors causing flooding

A

urbanisation, deforestation, agriculture

27
Q

how do physical factors cause flooding

A

P - torrential rainstorms or prolonged periods of rain can lead to flooding.

G - impermeable rocks don’t allow water to pass through, so it flows overland into river channels.

S - means water flows quickly into river channels.

28
Q

How do human factors (land use) cause flooding

A

U - impermeable surfaces (tarmac roads) mean water flows quickly into drains, sewers and river channels.

D - when trees are removed, water which had been evaporated from leaves or stored on leaves and branches flows rapidly into river channels

A - exposed soil can lead to increased surface runoff (especially if ploughing occurs up and down slopes).

29
Q

hard engineering defintion

A

uses artificial structures to control natural processes

30
Q

soft engineering definition

A

involves methods that work with natural processes

31
Q

hard engineering for coasts

A

sea walls, groynes, rock armour, gabions

32
Q

sea walls details

A

HE, concrete or rock barrier at the foot of cliffs or top of beach. Curved to reflect waves out to sea

£5000-£10k per metre

effective at stopping the sea, often creates a walkway

can look obtrusive and unnatural, very expensive; high maintenance costs

33
Q

groynes details

A

HE - rock or timber structures built at right angles to beach. Trap sediment moved by longshore drift and enlarge the beach. Wider beach reduces wave damage.

Timber groynes £150000 each (every 200m)

creates a wider beach - good for tourism, not too expensive

interrupting longshore drift can lead to increased erosion elsewhere, unnatural and rock groynes are unattractive

34
Q

rock armour details

A

HE - piles of large boulders at foot of cliff. Rocks absorb wave energy to protect the cliff

£200000 per 100m

relatively cheap; easy to maintain, can add interest to the coast

rocks are often from elsewhere so don’t fit with local geology, expensive to transport rocks, can be obtrusive

35
Q

gabions details

A

HE - rock-filled wire cages that support a cliff and provide a buffer against the sea

up to £50000 per 100m

cheap to produce, can improve cliff drainage, eventually become vegetated and merge into landscape

unattractive initially, cages rust within 5-10 years

36
Q

soft engineering for coasts

A

beach nourishment, dune regeneration, dune fencing

37
Q

beach nourishment details

A

SE - sand or shingle is dredged offshore and transported to the coast by barge. It’s dumped on the beach and shaped by bulldozers creating a wider, higher beach. Beach protects land and property.

up to £500000 per 100m

blends in with existing beach, bigger beach increases tourist potential

needs constant maintenance, expensive

38
Q

dune regeneration details

A

SE - marram grass is planted to stabilise dunes and help them develop, which makes them effective buffers to the sea. Fences keep people off newly planted areas

£200-£2000 per 100m

maintains a natural environment - good for wildlife, relatively cheap

time-consuming to plant grass and construct fencing, can be damaged by storms

39
Q

dune fencing details

A

SE - fences are constructed along the seaward side of existing dunes to encourage new dune formation, new dunes help to protect existing dunes

£400-£2000 per 100m

little impact on natural systems, controlling access protects other ecosystems

can be unsightly, needs regular maintenance

40
Q

constructive waves details

A
  • strong swash, weak backwash
  • low wave height, large wavelength
  • low frequency
  • depositional - leave material on the beach which builds up over time

formed by storms often hundreds of kilometres away, common in summer

41
Q

destructive waves details

A
  • strong backwash, weak swash
  • high wave height, small wavelength
  • high frequency
  • erosional - erode the beach and any rocks and take the material away to other locations. Beach wears away over time.

formed by local storms close to the coast, common in winter

42
Q

coastlines hit by constructive waves tend to have

A

depositional landforms such as sandy beaches as less powerful and deposit material

43
Q

coastlines hit by destructive waves tend to have

A

erosional landforms such as rocky headlands and tall cliffs and caves as waves tend to have a long fetch and so are the most powerful waves

44
Q

erosion definition

A

removal and destruction of rocks and sand along the coastline

45
Q

longshore drift definition

A

sediment is transported along the coast through this

46
Q

solution definition

A

chemicals are dissolved into the seawater

47
Q

suspension definition

A

particles and small rocks are light enough to float within the waves

48
Q

traction definition

A

large rocks are rolled along the seabed

49
Q

saltation definition

A

pebbles and small rocks that are too heavy to be suspended along the seabed

50
Q

type of land at Medmerry, Chichester

A

flat, low-lying land in southern England, mainly used for farming and caravan parks. Has been protected by a low sea wall previously

51
Q

value of land Medmerry

A

relatively low, so the sea was allowed to breach the sea wall in 2013 and flood some farmland

52
Q

what has been built Medmerry

A

embankments inland to protect farmland, roads and settlement

alteration of the coastline like this is called coastal realignment

53
Q

wave refraction

A

what happens to waves when they approach an uneven coastline

as waves approach an uneven coastline, reach headlands first, focusing a lot of energy on those forelands and bends the waves into the bays where the energy expended is less

54
Q

advantages of Medmerry, Chichester

A
  • creates a natural saltmarsh (natural buffer to the sea)
  • protects surrounding farmland from flooding
  • establishes wildlife habitat + visitors encouraged
55
Q

disadvantages of Medmerry, Chichester

A
  • loss of farmland
  • initial cost £28 million
  • takes a long time, time consuming

geography (2 decks)

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