physical landscapes

Question 1

what does relief depend on?

Answer 1

rock type

Question 2

where are sedimentary rocks formed?

Answer 2

• formed from sediments that have settled at the bottom of a lake, sea or ocean
• have been compressed over millions of years

Question 3

examples of sedimentary rock

Answer 3

sandstone
limestone
chalk
clay

Question 4

examples of metamorphic rock

Answer 4

marble
slate
schists

Question 5

examples of igneous rock

Answer 5

basalt
granite

Question 6

effects of acid rain

Answer 6

• damage to rainforests
• effects aquatic life
• increases soil acidity
• affects ground water

Question 7

define chemical weathering

Answer 7

mainly the result of rock dissolving in rain water

Question 8

define rockfall

Answer 8

fragments of rock break away from the cliff face due to freeze-thaw weathering

Question 9

define landslide

Answer 9

blocks of rocks slide down

Question 10

define mudflow

Answer 10

saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope

Question 11

define slump

Answer 11

slump of saturated soils and weak rock along a curved surface

Question 12

how are waves caused?

Answer 12

• friction of the wind on sea
• earthquakes
• volcanic eruptions

Question 13

name the two types of waves

Answer 13

• constructive
• destructive

Question 14

compare the 2 waves wave energy, frequency, swash and main process

Answer 14

destructive waves: constructive waves:
- wave energy = high - low
- wave frequency = high - low
- swash = back wash > swash - swash > back wash
- main process = erosion - deposition

Question 15

define solution

Answer 15

dissolving of soluble chemicals in rocks e.g. limestone

Question 16

define hydraulic power

Answer 16

Waves crash against rock and compress the air in the cracks putting pressure on the rock

Question 17

define attrition

Answer 17

Eroded particles in the water collide and break into smaller pieces becoming more rounded

Question 18

define abrasion

Answer 18

the sandpapering effect of pebbles grinding over a rocky platform causing them to become smooth

Question 19

define differential erosion

Answer 19

geological process in which different rock layers or materials are eroded at varying rates

Question 20

define hard engineering

Answer 20

• structures are added so that a sea process is directly interfered with so that flow is altered
• no concern for the environment and the element of control is strong

Question 21

define soft engineering

Answer 21

works with natural processes to reduce the risks of flooding or erosion
- more cheaper and sustainable option compared to hard engineering

Question 22

define managed realignment

Answer 22

soft engineering that allows natural processes of erosion and flooding to take place on the coast
- used to manage those parts of the coast where there is low-valued farmland forest or moorland

Question 23

define drainage basin

Answer 23

total area of land drained by a river and associated tributaries

Question 24

when does solution occur

Answer 24

when some types of rock are dissolved in the river

Question 25

how is an oxbow lake formed

Answer 25

• meanders start to migrate across the valley floor
• causing them to erode towards each other
• neck of meander then narrows until it is completely until its completely broken through to form a new straighter channel
• old meander loop is cut off by deposition to form an oxbow lake

Question 26

define transportation

Answer 26

movement of material in the sea and along the coast by waves

Question 27

define longshore drift

Answer 27

movement of material along the shore by wave action