Physical Geology Final Flashcards
1
Q
[T3] The presence of “gouge” and fault breccia would be characteristics of ______ metamorphism.
A. Regional B. Cataclastic C. Burial D. Contact E. Impact
A
Cataclastic
2
Q
[T3] \_\_\_\_ metamorphism occurs along faults. A. regional B. cataclastic C. burial D. contact E. impact
A
cataclastic
3
Q
[T3] \_\_\_ metamorphism is often associated with orogenic and covers a large area A. regional B. cataclastic C. burial D. contact E. impact
A
regional
4
Q
[T3] \_\_\_ metamorphism is due to the presence of igneous plutons "baking" the surrounding rocks. A. regional B. cataclastic C. burial D. contact E. impact
A
contact
5
Q
[T3] Contactites, such as hornfels and some quartz granulates are rocks associated with \_\_\_\_ metamorphism. A. regional B. cataclastic C. burial D. contact E. impact
A
contact
6
Q
[T3] Granite rocks melt at ___ temperatures than basalts.
A. lower
B. higher
C. these rocks melt at the same temperatures
A
lower
7
Q
[T3] Carbon dioxide and water create \_\_\_ in metamorphic rocks. A. Metasomatism B. Lithostatic pressure C. direct pressure D. temperature
A
metasomatism
8
Q
[T3] Pressure that caused foliation is ___ pressure.
A. lithostatic
B. directed
A
Directed
9
Q
[T3] Grain size increases with _____ metamorphism.
A. More
B. less
A
more
10
Q
[T3] The presence of the index mineral chlorite indicates a ____ grade of metmorphism.
A. low
B. high
A
low
11
Q
[T3] Burial metamorphism has ___ lithostatic pressure and ____ heat.
A. low, low
B. low, high
C. high, low
D. high, high
A
high, low
12
Q
[T3] Shocked quartz is commonly found in what metamorphic environment? A. contact B. burial C. cataclastic D. Impact E. metasomatic
A
impact
13
Q
[T3] The lowest metamorphosed grade of shale is that is composed of clay sized particles is A. slate B. Phyllite C. Schist D. gneiss E. migmitite
A
slate
14
Q
[T3] A \_\_\_ is a geologic structure that is circular and dips outward in all directions. A syncline B. anticline C. dome D. base E. monocline
A
Dome
15
Q
[T3] In a ______ fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall and there is a high fault angle (>20°).
a. normal
b. reverse
c. thrust
d. strike-slip
A
reverse
16
Q
[T3] A ______ is a fold in which the limbs dip away from one another and away from the fold axis.
a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline
A
anticline
17
Q
[T3] In an anticline the oldest rocks are on the _______ of the structure.
a. inside
b. outside
A
inside
18
Q
[T3] A ______is a fold in which the limbs dip toward one another and toward the fold axis.
a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline
A
syncline
19
Q
[T3] The force applied to an object is
a. Stress
b. strain
c. deformation
d. none of these
A
stress
20
Q
[T3] When rocks are pulled apart, it is ________ stress.
a. Compressional
b. extensional
c. shear
A
extensional
21
Q
[T3] Material that stays deformed when stress is removed exhibits ________ strain.
a. Elastic
b. plastic
c. brittle
A
plastic
22
Q
[T3] All of these factors control strain EXCEPT
a. Material nature
b. temperature
c. pressure
d. time
e. gravity
A
gravity
23
Q
[T3] High tempertures and pressure favor _____ behavior
a. Brittle
b. plastic
c. elastic
A
plastic
24
Q
[T3] In a ____ fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall but the fault dip is very low angle.
a. normal
b. reverse
c. thrust
d. strike-slip
A
thrust
25
[T3] Compressional mountain building produces all of the following types of mountain ranges EXCEPT
a. Island arcs
b. horsts and grabens
c. magmatic arcs
d. continental collision
horsts and grabens
26
[T3] A ______ is a geologic structure that is circular and dips toward the central portion of the structure.
a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline
basin
27
[T3] The ________ is the direction of a horizontal line in the plane of bedding.
a. dip
b. strike
c. both dip and strike are directions of horizontal lines in the planes of bedding
strike
28
[T3] In an asymmetrical fold the limbs dip in
a. the same direction
b. opposite directions
opposite directions
29
[T3] The imaginary plane which connects the fold axes of each rock layer and divides the fold symmetrically is the
a. Limb
b. fold axis
c. axial plane
axial plane
30
[T3] ________ plunge towards the nose (closed end) of the U-shaped fold.
a. antilclines
b. synclines
c. basins
anticlines
31
[T3] A break in a rock mass, with no relative movement on either side of the break is a
a. fault
b. joint
c. fold
joint
32
[T3] In a _____ fault, the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.
a. normal
b. reverse
c. thrust d.strike-slip
normal
33
[T3] The Himalayas were built primarily by continental
a. subduction
b. obduction
c. rifting
d. shear
e. suturing (collision)
suturing (collision)
34
[T3] The position in space of rock layers is the
a. altitude
b. magnitude c.declination
d. inclination
e. attitude
attitude
35
[T3] A _______ is a fold which exhibits local steepening of an otherwise uniform dip.
a. syncline
b. anticline
c. dome
d. basin
e. monocline
monocline
36
[T3] Faults with movement in the direction of the fault’s dip are
a. strike-slip faults
b. dip slip faults
dip slip faults
37
[T3] Horsts and grabens occur in _______settings and are a series of _______ faults.
a. extensional, reverse
b. extensional, normal
c. compressional, reverse
d. compressinoal, normal
extensional, normal
38
[T3] The fastest of all seismic waves are ______ waves.
a. love
b. rayleigh
c. P
d. S
P
39
[T3] Which of the following is NOT an earthquake surface wave?
a. love wave
b. rayleigh wave
c. S wave
d. all of the above are earthquake surface waves
s wave
40
[T3] The _____ Discontinuity is the boundary between the crust and mantle.
a. Gutenberg
b. Lehmann
c. Rayleigh
d. Love
e. Mohorovicic
Mohorovicic
41
[T3] Earthquake intensity is measured by the _______ Scale.
a. Mercalli
b. Richter
c. all of the above measure earthquake
Mercalli
42
[T3] A tsunami is a(n)
a. fire due to earthquakes
b. type of fault
c. ocean wave
d. earthquake epicenter
ocean wave
43
[T3] The point on the surface, directly above where the earthquake originated, is the
a. focus
b. epicenter
c fault scarp
epicenter
44
[T3] The _______Discontinuity is between the Earth's core and mantle.
a. Gutenberg
b. Lehmann
c. Rayleigh
d. Love
e. Mohorovicic
gutenberg
45
[T3] _______ waves are earthquake body waves that arrive second.
a. P
b. S
c. love
d. rayleigh
e. all of the above move at equal rates of speed
S
46
[T3] The ____-wave shadow zone indicates that the Earth's outer core is liquid.
a. P
b. S
c. both P and S waves indicate that the Earth's outer core is liquid
S
47
[T3] ._____ waves can only travel through solids.
a. love
b. rayleigh
c. P
d. S
S
48
[T3] To determine the location of an earthquake, at least______ seismic stations recordings must be used.
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7
3
49
[T3] ._____ is when loose sediment begins to act like a liquid when shaken.
a. solifluction
b. inundation
c. liquefaction
liquefaction
50
[T3] The earthquake that caused the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was a magnitude____.
a. 6.2
b. 7.1
c. 8.3
d. 9.1
9.1
51
[T3] Tsunamis are different than regular waves because wave energy is
a. concentrated in the top 1/3 of the water column
b. at a depth that is ½ of a wavelength
c. distributed all the way to the ocean floor
c. distributed all the way to the ocean floor
52
[T3] The earthquake that occurred on Good Friday, 1964 in Alaska was a magnitude
a. 6.8
b. 7.4
c. 8.6
d. 9.2
9.2
53
[T3] Why was the tsunami in Papua New Guinea larger than expected?
a. a volcanic eruption occurred
b. the eathquake triggered a landslide
c. it was the largest earthquake ever recorded, with a M10
d. global warming
the earthquake triggered a landslide
54
[T3] The Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program determines EQ potential by looking at things like microquakes and ground tilt which are examples of
a. paleoseismicity
b. precursor events
c. earthquake effects
precursor events
55
[T3] Using wood instead of sheetrock for construction would be an example of
a. infill
b. buttessing
c. isolation
d. bracing
infill
56
[T3] Consolidated materials have a ______ shear strength.
a. low
b. high
c. negligable
high
57
[T3] All of the following are weak points, contributing to mass wasting, EXCEPT
a. clay layers
b. bedding planes
c. foliation planes
d. well-cemented grains
Well-cemented grains
58
[T3] Sand has an angle of repose of 35°, boulders have a ________ angle of repose.
a. lower
b. higher
c. the same
higher
59
[T3] All of the following are classified a rapid movement mass wasting EXCEPT
a. creep
b. flow
c. fall
d. avalanche
e. slide
creep
60
[T3] Sudden, rapid movements of bedrock along planes of weakness, that move as one coherent block, are
a. slumps
b. slides
c. falls
d. flows
e. avalanche
slides
61
[T3] Chaotic movement of a mass that has the consistency of newly mixed concrete characterizes
a. slumps
b. slides
c. falls
d. flows
e. avalanches
flows
62
[T3] Mass wasting that is characteristic in an area that has permafrost that thaws is
a. liquefaction
b. creep
c. solifluction
solifluction
63
[T3] Securing outer layers of rocks to inner layers of rocks is done by
a. dewatering pipes
b. retaining walls
c. rock bolts
d. wire mesh
e. gabions
rock bolts
64
[T3] The type of mass wasting that is caused by the expansion and contraction of soil particles is
a. slide
b. slump
c. fall
d. creep
e. avalanche
creep
65
[T4] For an area to be considered a desert, it must receive less than_____cm/yr of precipitation.
a. 0
b. 5
c. 15
d. 20
e. 25
25
66
[T4] When water flows towards the center of the desert basin, it is termed______ drainage.
a. dendritic
b. distributary
c. radial
d. internal
internal
67
[T4] _______ deserts occur in subtropical latitudes that are centered at 30° north and south of the equator.
a. climatic
b. topographic
c. coastal
climatic
68
[T4] Dunes formed by the wind are termed _______ dunes
a. eolian
b. fluvial
c. lucustrine
d. marginal
eolian
69
[T4] A______dune is a asymmetrical dune ridge that forms at right angles to the direction of prevailing winds.
a. parabolic
b. transverse
c. seif
d. barchan
e. stellate
transverse
70
[T4] A______ dune has great height and length oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind.
a. parabolic
b. transverse
c. seif
d. barchan
e. stellate
seif
71
[T4] A______dune is a mound of sand with a high central point and arms radiating in various directions
a. parabolic
b. transverse
c. seif
d. barchan
e. stellate
stellate
72
[T4] ridges that are oriented parallel to the prevailing wind.
a. inselbergs
b. yardangs
c. playas
d. bajadas
e. arroyos
yarddogs
73
[T4] Sand grains bouncing along the ground is termed
a. saltation
b. deflation
c. inflation
d. perturbation
e. realization
saltation
74
[T4] A fan-shaped deposit of sediment built by a stream where it emerges from an upland or a mountain range into a broad valley or plain is a(n)
a. yardang
b. inselberg
c. alluvial fan
d. pediment
e. butte
alluvial fan
75
[T4] Process by which water is released into the atmosphere by plants is
a. evaporation
b. transpiration
c. infiltration
d. sublimation
e. precipitation
transpiration
76
[T4] The point where a stream enters into a larger body of water is its
a. watershed
b. divide
c. headwaters
d. mouth
mouth
77
[T4] A trunk stream is an area of
a. erosion
b. deposition
c. all of the above
d. none of the above
erosion & deposition
| all of the above
78
[T4] Stream velocity depends upon all of these EXCEPT
a. channel roughness
b. stream pattern
c. gradient
d. volume of water
e. stream capacity
stream capacity
79
[T4] A lake is______ base level
a. temporary
b. ultimate
c. neither
temporary
80
[T4] Stream erosion is due to all of the following EXCEPT
a. deflation
b. abrasion
c. dissolution
d. hydraulic action
deflation
81
[T4] Headward erosion causes
a. entrenched meanders
b. stream piracy
c. deposition
d. superposed streams
stream piracy
82
[T4] The volume of sediment a stream can carry is the stream
a. discharge
b. competency
c. alluvium
d. capacity
capacity
83
[T4] Sediment that is moving along in the column of water of the stream is the stream_______ load.
a. alluvium
b. bed
c. suspended
d. dissolved
suspended
84
[T4] What stream pattern is created in areas of high gradient and have no floodplains?
a. straight
b. meandering
c. braided
straight
85
[T4] What drainage pattern often develops on a mountain such as a volcano?
a. dendritic
b. radial
c. trellis
d. rectangular
e. deranged
radial
86
[T4] What drainage patter has no streams but has abundant lakes?
a. dendritic
b. radial
c. trellis
d. rectangular
e. deranged
deranged
87
[T4] What drainage pattern forms where underlying bedrock is crisscrossed with fractures?
a. dendritic
b. radial
c. trellis
d. rectangular
e. deranged
rectangular
88
[T4] A low, broad embankment that runs along a stream and is formed during times of flooding is a
a. terraces
b. cutbank
c. point bar
d. meander scar
e. levee
levee
89
[T4] The inner bank of a meandering stream is the
a. terraces
b. cutbank
c. point bar
d. meander scar
e. levee
point bar
90
[T4] A crescent shaped feature that shows the former location of point bar is a
a. terraces
b. cutbank
c. point bar
d. meander scar
e. levee
meander scar
91
[T4] Deltas have_______ drainage pattern.
a. dendritic
b. radial
c. distributary
d. trellis
e. deranged
distributary
92
[t4]A deposit that forms when a stream enters a larger body of water is a
a. delta
b. alluvial fan
c. bajada
delta
93
[T4] When a stream is confined to a canyon or gorge, with little or no floodplain, it is a(n)
a. cut bank
b. graded stream
c. superposed stream
d. entrenched meander
entrenched meander
94
[T4] Unconsolidated sediments have _____ porosity.
a. low
b. high
high
95
[T4] A measure of how well groundwater flows through a rock is
a. porosity
b. permeability
c. transmissivity d.fluidity
permeability
96
[T4] All of the following control permeability EXCEPT
a. geothermal gradient
b. particle sorting
c. size of pores
d. porosity
e. structural features
geothermal gradient
97
[T4] Larger pores ______ flow rate.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. it has no effect
increase
98
[T4] If a rock has lot of pores and they are connected, the rock has _____ porosity and ____ permeability.
a. good, good
b. good, bad
c. bad, good
d. bad, bad
good, good
99
[T4] The zone where pores are filled with water is the______zone.
a. soil water
b. aeration
c. capillary fringe
d. saturation
aeration
| ??
100
[T4] The water table is the surface between the ______ zone and the _____zone.
a. soil water, aeration
b. soil water, saturation
c. aeration, saturation
aeration, saturation
101
[T4] The Edwards aquifer is a_____ aquifer.
a. limestone
b. sandstone
c. conglomerate
limestone
102
[T4] The Ogallala aquifer lies under ______ region.
a. Stephenville
b. San Antonio
c. Panhandle
Panhandle
103
[T4] The Trinity aquifer is a ____ aquifer.
a. confined
b. unconfined
unconfined
104
[T4] The surface discharge of groundwater is a...
a. recharge zone
b. spring
c. perched water table
d. speleothem
spring
105
[T4] The component of a stream’s water that is due to groundwater is base____
a. level
b. flow
flow
106
[T4] To have an artesian system, you must have a(n)
a. unconfined aquifer
b. artesian pressure surface
c. zone of saturation
d. perched water table
artesian pressure surface
107
[T4] Karst topography forms in what type of rocks?
a. limestone
b. sandstone
c. conglomerate
limestone
108
[T4] Areas that lack surface drainage are
a. dry valleys
b. disappearing streams
c. tower karsts
d. solution valleys
dry valleys
109
[T4] Karst topography forms by
a. abrasion
b. dissolution
c. hydraulic action
dissolution
110
[T4] Forams form _____ ooze.
a. calcareous
b. siliceous
calcareous
111
[T4] In a graded bedding sequence in a submarine fan, the smaller particles are on_____.
a. top
b. bottom
c. they are all mixed together
top
112
[T4] Reefs typically do not grow below
a. 5m
b. 25m
c. 50m
d. 100m
50m
113
[T4] Reefs that are attached to the mainland are____reefs.
a. fringing
b. barrier
c. atoll
fringing
114
[T4] Sand and gravel are mined on the continental
a. shelf
b. slope
c. rise
shelf
115
[T4] Hydrothermal vents are sources of
a. sand
b. methane
c. sulfide
d. manganese
sulfide
116
[T4] Speleothems that form on the ground and grow up are
a. stalactites
b. stalagmites
c. columns
d. flowstone
stalagmites
| ??
117
[T4] For a geyser to form, the area _____ to be fractured and needs _____ groundwater flow.
a. needs, slow
b. needs, fast
c. doesn’t need, fast
d. doesn’t need, slow
needs, fast
118
[T4] Human use of groundwater leads to all of the following problems EXCEPT
a. lowering of water table
b. saltwater incursion
c. subsidence
d. gain of artesian pressure
e. contamination
gain of artesian pressure
119
[T4] The ocean floor is not composed of
a. fine grained sediments
b. schist
c. basalt
d. gabbro
schist
120
[T4] _______ is particularly useful for mapping structures below ocean sediments.
a. echo sounding
b. seismic profiling
c. neither of these
seismic profiling
121
[T4] Using the following abbreviations, what is the correct sequence of the ocean floor from top to bottom?
B=basalt dikes, G=gabbros, Pe=peridotite, Pb=pillow basalts, S=sediments
a. B, G, Pe, Pb, S
b. S, Pb, B, G, Pe
c. Pe, B, Pb, S, G
b. S, Pb, B, G, Pe
122
[T4] Which of the following does not make up the continental margin?
a. continental shelf
b. continental slope
c. continental rise
d. abyssal plain
abyssal plain
123
[T4] The West Coast of South America is an example of a ____ margin.
a. passive
b. active
c. neither
active
124
[T4] The continental shelf is wider at _____ margins.
a. passive
b. active
c. it doesn’t matter
passive
125
[T4] Submarine canyons occur do not occur on the
a. continental shelf
b. continental slope
c. abyssal plain
abyssal plain
126
[T4] There _____ continental rises at active margins.
a. are
b. are not
are not
127
[T4] A faster diverging rate at an oceanic ridge will yield a _____ profile of a mountain range.
a. flatter
b. steeper
c. rate will not change the profile
flatter
128
[T4] An underwater avalanche is a
a. slump
b. alluvial fan
c. turbidity current
d. debris flow
turbidity current
129
[T1]The study of the Earth's materials, such as minerals and rocks, and the various physical and chemical changes that occur on its surface and in its interior is
a. historical geology
b. physical chemistry
c. physical geology
d. surface geology
physical geology
130
[T1] The study of rocks
a. geochemistry
b. petrology
c. geophysics
d. geomorphology
petrology
131
[T1] The “Father of Geology” is
a. James Hutton
b. Charles Lyell
c. Harry Hess
d. Alfred Wegener
James Hutton
132
[T1] “The present is the key to the past” is the principle of
a. actualism
b. uniformitarianism
c. either of these
d. neither of these
uniformitarianism
133
[T1] The “law of redshifts” states that as things move______, they emit red radiation.
a. towards
b. away
c. stay static
away
134
[T1] The formation of our solar system through the condensation and collapse of material is the ____ theory.
a. solar nebula
b. big bang
c. black hole
d. galaxy
solar nebula
135
[T1] Earth is approximately______ years old.
a. 2 million
b. 4.6 million
c. 2 billion
d. 4.6 billion
e. 10 billion
4.6 billion
136
[T1] Planets that are further from the sun and primarily formed from gas are _____ planets.
a. Terrestrial
b. Jovian
c. neither of these
Jovian
137
[T1] Earth is a _____ planet
a. Terrestrial
b. Jovian
Terrestrial
138
[T1] ___________ geologic time utilizes the laws of stratigraphy.
a. relative
b. absolute
c. neither of these
d. both of these
relative
139
[T1] In an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below is the definition of the principle of
a. cross-cutting relationships
b. superposition
c. lateral continuity
d. inclusions
superposition
140
[T1] When tilted rocks are overlain by flat-lying rocks that is a
a. angular unconformity
b. disconformity
c. nonconformity
angular unconformity
141
[T1] Abundant organisms, with a widespread geographic distribution and with a “short” evolutionary existence are
a. correlating fossils
b. apparent fossils
c. index fossils
d. abundant fossils
index fossils
142
[T1] _______ inadvertently discovered radioactivity in rocks by placing a rock on photo paper.
a. Hutton
b. Curie
c. Becquerel
d. Lyell
e. Ussher
Becquerel
143
[T1] Materials containing carbon are dated using the _____ dating method.
a. potassium-argon
b. uranium-lead
c. carbon-14
carbon-14
144
[T1] The ________ Era means “recent life.”
a. Paleozoic
b. Mesozoic
c. cenozoic
cenozoic
145
[T1] All of the following are steps in the scientific method EXCEPT
a. hypothesis
b. prediction
c. testing
d. rebuttal
e. analysis
rebuttal
146
[T1] Who set forth the theory of continental drift?
a. James Hutton
b. Charles Lyell
c. Harry Hess
d. Alfred Wegener
Alfred Wegener
147
[T1] Before the breakup of Pangaea, the landmass was surrounded by a world ocean called
a. Panthalassa
b. Gondwana
c. Laurasia
Panthalassa
148
[T1] All of these pieces of evidence helped Wegener with his theory EXCEPT
a. fossil turtles
b. mountain ranges
c. glossopteris
d. tillites
e. mesosaurus
fossil turtles
149
[T1] The theory of seafloor spreading was proposed by
a. James Hutton
b. Charles Lyell
c. Harry Hess
d. Alfred Wegener
Harry Hess
150
[T1] Lithosphere is destroyed at
a. trenches (subduction zones)
b. mountain ranges
c. island arcs
d. mid-ocean ridges
trenches (subduction zones)
151
[T1]The ______Point is approximately 500 degrees Celsius and is when rocks magnetic signatures are preserved.
a. Hess
b. Reynolds
c. Wegener
d. Curie
e. Canterbury
Curie
152
[T1] All are methods of direct observation of the earth’s interior EXCEPT
a. magnetism
b. seismology
c. drilling
d. explosives
magnetism
153
[T1] Which layer constitutes about 80% of earth’s volume?
a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core
mantle
154
[T1] Which layer is solid but can flow very slowly?
a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core
mantle
155
[T1] The crust and uppermost mantle make up the
a. lithosphere
b. asthenosphere
c. mesosphere
lithosphere
156
[T1] Which layer is liquid?
a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core
outer core
157
[T1] The thinnest layer of the earth is the
a. crust
b. mantle
c. outer core
d. inner core
crust
158
[T1] Which type of plate is less dense?
a. oceanic
b. continental
c. they have the same density
continental
159
[T1] The elevated position of the mid-oceanic ridge that causes lithosphere slabs to "slide" down the flanks of the ridge describes
a. slab pull
b. ridge push
c. slab suction
d. ridge pull
ridge push
160
[T1] Trenches are produced in a ______ boundary.
a. divergent
b. convergent
c. transform
convergent
161
[T1] Subduction occurs at _____ boundaries.
a. divergent
b. convergent
c. transform
convergent
162
[T1] Tectonically inactive shorelines are termed _______continental margins.
a. active
b. passive
passive
163
[T1] Younger, lighter plates produce ______ subduction zones.
a. steeper
b. shallower
c. they are the same
shallower
164
[T1] Volcanoes, deep earthquakes and trenches occur at _____ boundaries.
a. divergent
b. convergent
c. transform
convergent
165
[T1] The Andes Mountains are an example of a _________ boundary
a. oceanic divergent
b. continental divergent
c. oceanic convergent
d. continental convergent
e. oceanic-continental convergent
oceanic-continental convergent
166
[T1] Transform faults are ______ to mid-ocean ridges
a. parallel
b. perpendicular
c. not associated
perpendicular
167
[T1] Small pieces of continental crust that have fragmented and been moved by sea-floor spreading are
a. atolls
b. microcontinents
c. exotic terrains
d. guyots
microcontinents
168
[T1] All of the following are part of the mineral definition EXCEPT
a. man-made
b. inorganic
c. solid
d. definite chemical composition
man-made
169
[T1] Protons have a _____ charge.
a. positive
b. neutral
c. negative
positive
170
[T1] Positively charged ions are
a. neutrons
b. cations
c. compounds
d. anions
cations
171
[T1] When atoms share electrons, that is______ bonding.
a. ionic
b. covalent
c. metallic
covalent
172
[T1] The smallest repeating group that determines crystal form is the
a. crystal structure
b. unit cell
c. crystal face
d. compound
unit cell
173
[T1] The appearance of a mineral’s surface is its
a. streak
b. crystal form
c. cleavage
d. luster
e. specific gravity
luster
174
[T1] The density as compared to water is a mineral’s
a. streak
b. crystal form
c. cleavage
d. luster
e. specific gravity
specific gravity
175
[T1] A silicate tetrahedral is made up of 1 silicon and _____ oxygen atoms.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
4
176
[T1] The most abundant chemical group is the
a. oxides
b. carbonates
c. silicates
d. halides
e. sulfates
silicates
177
[T1] Galena (PbS) is a
a. oxide
b. sulfide
c. sulfate
d. carbonate
e. silicate
sulfide
178
[T1] Hydrated aluminosilicates that are often formed form the weathering of other minerals are
a. feldspars
b. quartz
c. hornblendes
d. clays
e. micas
clays
179
[T1] Feldspars and Quartz are examples of
a. carbonates
b. sulfides
c. silicates
d. halides
e. oxides
silicates
180
[T1] When one or more metals combine with one or more halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine) to produce a salt, it is a
a. silicate
b. sulfide
c. sulfate
d. halide
e. oxide
halide
181
[T1] Copper (Cu) is an example of a
a. phosphate
b. carbonate
c. sulfide
d. native element
e. oxid
native element
182
[T1] Minerals that are necessary to the economy of a country
a. critical minerals
b. strategic minerals
c. reserve minerals
d. ore minerals
critical minerals
183
[T1] Potential supplies of a particular mineral resource, believed to exist because of geologic knowledge and theory, but locations, quality and amounts are unknown are
a. identified resources
b. undiscovered resources
c. reserves
undiscovered resources
184
[T1] Extracting a metal ore or fuel resource from a deep underground deposit is
a. open pit mining
b. dredging
c. strip mining
d. subsurface mining
subsurface mining
185
[T1] Separating the desired mineral from the other elements in an ore mineral is
a. strip mining
b. dredging
c. smelting
d. subsurface mining
smelting
186
[T1] All of the following are environmental effects of mining EXCEPT
a. disturbing land
b. thermal pollution
c. resource recovery
d. acid mine drainage
resource recovery
187
[T1] Depletion time is the time it takes to use a certain portion, usually ______, of mineral reserves at a given rate of use.
a. 10%
b. 40%
c. 80%
d. 100%
80%
188
[T1] Identified and unidentified resources ____ classified as reserves.
a. are
b. are not
are not
189
[T2] The accumulation of rock and mineral grains weathered and eroded from pre-existing rocks create _____ rocks.
A. igneous
B.metamorphic
C. sedimentary
sedimentary
190
[T2] Rocks that contain clay, silt, sand and gravel particles are _______ rocks.
```
A.extrusive igneous
B.intrusive igneous
C.clastic sedimentary
D.chemical sedimentary
E.biogenic sedimentary
```
clastic sedimentary
191
[T2] Cross-bedding and ripple marks are most characteristic of ______ rocks.
A.igneous
B.metamorphic
C.sedimentary
sedimentary
192
[T2] Rocks that crystallize from magma are ________ rocks.
A.extrusive igneous
B.intrusive igneous
C.clastic sedimentary D.chemical sedimentary E.biogenic sedimentary
intrusive igneous
193
[T2] Bowen's Reaction Series explains how minerals _______ and the stability series explains how minerals____.
A.form, erode
B.erode, form
C. form, form
D. erode, erode
form, erode
194
[T2] ________are hot glowing clouds of volcanic ash and gas that can rush down slopes of volcanoes at over 60 miles per hour.
```
A.Pyroclastic flows
B.volcanic bombs
C.stocks
D.dikes
E.calderas
```
Pyroclastic flows
195
[T2] ________ are very large crystal (thumbnail size or larger) igneous rocks formed from the last, water-rich "dregs" of magma.
```
A.diorites
B.andesites
C.basalts
D.rhyolites
E.pegmatites
```
pegmatites
196
[T2] _______textures have at least two sizes crystals that represent multiple cooling histories.
```
A.porphyritic
B.phaneritic
C.vesicular
D.aphanitic
E.amygdaloidal
```
porphyritic
197
[T2] Composite cone volcanoes are primarily made of _____ material.
A.felsic
B.intermediate
C.mafic
felsic
198
[T2] ________ magma is rich in iron and magnesium; they have lower viscosity magma and therefore, flows long distances.
A.felsic
B.intermediate
C.mafic
mafic
199
[T2] ________ have low, flat broad profiles.
A.cinder cones
B.shield volcanoes
C.composite volcanoes
shield volcanoes
200
[T2] Stocks are _________than batholiths.
A.smaller
B.larger
C.stocks and batholiths are the same size
smaller
201
[T2] Composite cone volcanoes are ________explosive than shield volcanoes.
A.less
B.more
C.there is no difference in the explosiveness of these volcanoes
more
202
```
[T2] All of these are reasons for melting magma EXCEPT
A.Fluxes
B. Decompression
C. Radioactive Isotope
D. Global Warming
```
global warming
203
```
[T2] All of the following are magma forming environments EXCEPT
A.divergent boundaries
B. transform boundaries
C. subduction zones
D. hot spots
```
transform boundaries
204
```
[T2] A tabular, discorndant pluton that forms where magma fills in fractures cutting across rocks is a
A. sill
B. dike
C. Stock
D. Laccolith
```
dike
205
[T2] Small volcanoes that are formed of pyroclastic debris and may appear as parasites on other volcanoes are
A. Compostie Cones
B. Shield
C. Cinder Cone
cinder cone
206
```
[T2] When magma in the volcanic conduit crystallizes and the softer material forming the slopes of the volcano then erodes away, that forms a
A. lava tube
B. volcanic neck
C. fissure
D. caldera
E. lava dome
```
volcanic neck
207
[T2] ________lava has a smooth, ropy appearance.
A.pillow
B.aa
C.pahoehoe
D.all of the above has a smooth, ropy appearance
pahoehoe
208
[T2] The phenocrysts in porphyritic textures represent _____ cooling.
A.faster
B.slower
slower
209
[T2] Plutons are ______ igneous structures.
A.intrusive
B.extrusive
intrusive
210
```
[T2] ________ are large, bowl-shaped summit depressions in volcanoes.
A.ignimbrites
B.batholiths
C.stocks
D.dikes
E.calderas
```
calderas
211
[T2] As time progresses, soils become
A.more alike
B.less alike
more alike
212
[T2] Granite will lead to _________soils.
A. clay-rich
B.sand-rich
sand-rich
213
```
[T2] Pressure release fracturing due to pressure release above igneous plutons thata often form concentric fractured layers is
A. Root wedging
B. Abrasion
C. Exfoliation
D. Biogenic weathering
```
Exfoliation
214
```
[T2] Which mineral crystallizes last but also is most stable?
A. K-Feldspar
B. Quartz
C. Biotite
D. Olivine
E. Plagioclase Feldspar
```
Quartz
215
```
[T2] The “Zone of Leaching” is the ________horizon.
A. O
B. A
C. E
D. B
E. C
```
A horizon
216
```
[T2] What climate is most favorable for soil formation?
A. Warm, dry
B. Warm, moist
C. Cold, dry
D. Cold, moist
```
warm, moist
217
```
[T2] Which of these practices is NOT used to combat soil erosion?
A. contour farming
B. conservation tillage
C. buffer zones
D. soil compaction
```
soil compaction
218
```
[T2] _________ are formed by the mechanical concentration of heavy mineral particles by currents.
A.phosphorites
B.carbonates
C.phosphates
D.banded iron formations
E.placers
```
placers
219
```
[T2] ________ is formed from the buried remains of plants, typically in swampy areas associated with ancient deltas.
A.petroleum
B.clathrates
C.natural gas
D.coal
E.oil shale
```
coal
220
[T2] In a high energy envronments, rounding and sorting of quartz grains will be
A.well-developed
B.not well developed
well-developed
221
```
[T2] _______environments are lake environments.
A.eolian
B.lacustrine
C.fluvial
D.lagoonal
E.glacial
```
lacustrine
222
```
[T2] With greater "maturity", sedimentary rocks become more _____-rich.
A.feldspar
B.olivine
C.hornblende
D.augite
E.quartz
```
quartz
223
```
[T2] Which of the following is NOT a coal grade?
A.anthracite
B.gabbro
C.bituminous
D.lignite
```
gabbro
224
[T2] Rocks formed by inorganic precipitation of minerals are
A. clastic sedimentary
B. chemical sedimentary
C. biogenic sedimentary
chemical sedimentary
225
[T2] When lithifying a rock, the reduction of pore space (holes) is
A. compaction
B. cementation
C. crystallization
compaction
226
```
[T2] A. triangular-shaped deposit of poorly-sorted sediment, formed in arid to semiarid climates, where there is a rapid change in slope is a(n)
A. alluvial fan
B. Delta
C. lahar
D. barrier island
E. reef
```
alluvial fan
227
```
[T2] Very old rocks, that are common iron ores, and were probably formed by bacteriogenic activity are
A. phosphorites
B. BIFs
C. skarns
D. placers
```
BIFs
228
```
[T2] Acid rain is an environmental impact of using
A. petroleum
B. oil shale
C. tar sands
D. coal
E. clathrates
```
coal
229
[T2] Mineral growths that replace or force aside the surrounding sediment are
A.geodes
B.nodules
C.concretions
concretions
230
[T2] Placers are associated with which rock type?
A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C. sedimentary
sedimentary
231
[T2] Lithification is the process of forming which rock type?
A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C. sedimentary
sedimentary
232
[T2] Evaporites are _______ rocks.
A. igneous
B. metamorphic
C. sedimentary
sedimentary
233
[T2] If an igneous rock melts, it becomes a(n)
A. sedimentary
B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic
Igneous
234
```
[T2] A ________ is a tabular concordant pluton where magma is injected between rock layers and domes the country rock above, creating a mushroom shape.
A.lopolith
B.stock
C.sill
D.laccolith
E.dike
```
Laccolith
235
[T2] Pahoehoe lava develops where there is ______ lava viscosity versus Aa lava.
A.less
B.greater
less
236
[T2] Surrounding country rock falls into the magma chamber. This is an example of
A. Assimilation
B. Magma Mixing
C. Crystal Settling
Assimilation
237
[T2] When sponge-like openings within a rock are infilled with mineral deposits, that forms
A. Dessiminations
B. Veins
C. blankets
Dessiminations
238
[T2] Cross-bedding and ripple marks are ______ sedimentary structures.
A.primary
B.secondary
primary
239
[T2] Till and loess are associated with_____ environments.
A. fulvial
B. glacial
C. lacustrine
D. delta
glacial
240
[T2] Ripples formed by waves are
A. symmetrical
B. assymetrical
symmetrical
241
[T2] If an igenous rock breaks down and the resulting sediment is transported and lithified, it becomes a(n)
A. sedimentary
B. Igneous
C. Metamorphic
sedimentary
