Physical Geology

Question 0

Which type of tectonic plate collision typically causes volcanoes?

Answer 0

Convergent fault lines(continent-oceanic)

Question 1

Which type of tectonic plate collision causes mountains to be formed?

Answer 1

Convergent fault lines(continent-continent)

Question 2

Rank the volcano eruptions in order of explosiveness from highest to lowest

Answer 2

1. Caldera
2. Plinian
3. Vulcanian
4. Stombolian
5. Icelandic
6. Hawaiian

Question 3

What does VEI stand for?

Answer 3

Volcanic
Explosivity
Index

Question 4

As the VEI increases, what happens?

Answer 4

The volume of ejected material becomes larger and the duration of the explosion is longer

Question 5

What type of magma is typically associated with stratovolcanoes?

Answer 5

Andesitic/ mylolitic

Question 6

What types of magma are typically associated with calderas?

Answer 6

Rhyolitic

Question 7

What types of magma are typically associated with shields?

Answer 7

Basaltic

Question 8

80% of volcanoes occur at…

Answer 8

Spreading centers

Question 9

10% of volcanoes occur at…

Answer 9

Subduction zones

Question 10

10% of volcanoes occur at…

Answer 10

Hot spots

Question 11

Identify the three types if magma that are produced by volcanic activity

Answer 11

Basaltic
Andesitic
Rhyolitic

Question 12

What type of magma is associated with quiet eruptions?

Answer 12

Basaltic

Question 13

What type of magma is associated with violent eruptions?

Answer 13

Andesitic

Rhyolitic

Question 14

Name the difference between pahoehoe and aa lava.

Answer 14

Pahoehoe and aa

• smooth. -rough
• rope like. -blocky
• lower viscosity-higher viscosity

Question 15

Name the difference between relative and absolute(radiometric) dating.

Answer 15

Relative dating places events in geologic history in the proper order, basis for the geologic time scale, but does not provide a true “age”, while absolute dating gives us the true age of a fossil or rock, and measures the amount of unstable isotopes that have “decayed” to figure out age

Question 16

Name the laws of relative dating( there’s six)

Answer 16

• Superposition(the youngest rocks at the top)
• Cross-cutting relationships(geologic features that “cut through” other rocks are younger)
• Law of inclusions(rocks imbedded in other rocks are older)
• Law of original horizontality(and lateral continuity)(sediments are deposited horizontally under gravity)
• Law of unconformities(disconformity, angular unconformity, and nonconformity)
• faunal succession(different kinds of organisms that have lived during different times in earths history)

Question 17

What is a disconformity?

Answer 17

A Boundary between two layers of noncontinous ages, usually marked by erosional surface

Question 18

What is an angular unconformity?

Answer 18

A disconformity between layers of different angles, underlying layers are first tilted then erosion occurs to create a horizontal surface

Question 19

What is a nonconformity?

Answer 19

A disconformity between different rock types, one of them being sedimentary rock

Question 20

The oldest rocks ever dated were found where?

Answer 20

Hudson Bay, in Canada

Question 21

What is the half-life of c-14?

Answer 21

5,730

Question 22

Radioactive decay occurs when?

Answer 22

When an isotope of one element is transferred into a different element by changes in the nucleus.

Question 23

What is the “parent”(radioactive decay)

Answer 23

The original material

Question 24

What is the "daughter"(radioactive decay)?

Answer 24

What the parent decays into

Question 25

What is a "half life"(radioactive decay)?

Answer 25

The time it takes for half of the parent life to decay

Question 26

What are the properties of a mineral?

Answer 26

- naturally occurring - inorganic solid(not liquid or gas) - ordered internal structure - specific chemical composition

Question 27

What are the characteristics of minerals you can use to identify?

Answer 27

``` Shape Luster Color Streak Hardness ```

Question 28

Mohs hardness scale.

Answer 28

1. Talc 2. Gypsum -fingernail 3. Calcite -copper penny 4. Fluorite - 5. Apatite - glass and scratch plates 6. Orthoclase - 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum 10. Diamond

Question 29

What is effervescence?

Answer 29

"Fizz" with HCI(hydrochloric acid)

Question 30

What are the three main layers of the earth?

Answer 30

Inner core Outer core Mantle Crust

Question 31

What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust?

Answer 31

Continental: thick buoyant, and really old Oceanic: thin, dense, and relatively young

Question 32

How do we know what the earth is made of?

Answer 32

Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity, magnetically, electrical, geodesy

Question 33

What are plate tectonics?

Answer 33

Earth is divided into 12 major plates, 16 total, which are moving in various directions

Question 34

What are tectonic plates made of?

Answer 34

The lithosphere

Question 35

How do the tectonic plates move?

Answer 35

Plates of the lithosphere are moved around by underlying hot mantle convection cells

Question 36

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Answer 36

Convergent Divergent Transform

Question 37

How does the magnetic field effect rocks?

Answer 37

Igneous (lava) rock will record earths magnetic field when they form. Iron-Rich minerals crystallize from molten rock will orient towards magnetic north when they cool.

Question 38

Does the magnetic field change over time?

Answer 38

Yes, the polarity of the magnetic field shifts every .5-1 million years

Question 39

Continent-continent collision forms

Answer 39

Mountains

Question 40

Continent-oceanic collision is called

Answer 40

Subdivision

Question 41

Oceanic-oceanic collision forms

Answer 41

Trench

Question 42

What are transform boundaries?

Answer 42

Where plates slide past each other ie. the San Andreas fault

Question 43

What does a volcano consist of?

Answer 43

A vent(culdera) which is the opening on the top of the volcano A cratir, like a side vent A cone( I'm pretty sure that's self-explanatory) A conduit(think the X-files) And the magma chamber

Question 44

How many volcanoes are there?

Answer 44

Over 1,500 volcanoes

Question 45

What is the biggest volcano on earth?

Answer 45

Mauna Loa

Question 46

The biggest volcano in the known universe?

Answer 46

Olympus mons(10x Mauna Loa)

Question 47

What is the highest volcano eruption in the world?

Answer 47

Ojos de selado(6,887 m)

Question 48

The highest volcano in the known universe?

Answer 48

Olympus mons(27,000 m)

Question 49

How many volcanoes occur at plate boundaries?

Answer 49

90%

Question 50

Of those volcanoes at plate boundaries, how many occur at Spreading centers Subduction zones And hot spots?

Answer 50

10%, 80%, and 10%

Question 51

What are the three vs of volcanology and what are they?

Answer 51

Viscosity: controls if gas can escape from magma Volatiles: the gas that, depending on viscosity, may or may not explode Volume: the greater the volume, the more intense and bigger eruption

Question 52

What is pillow lava?

Answer 52

Explosive

Question 53

Describe a shield volcano.

Answer 53

Found at hot spots, formed from thin lava flows, basaltic lava, large width. ie. Hawaii

Question 54

Describe a cinder cone.

Answer 54

Found in flanks of shield volcanoes, formed by a single eruption, basaltic/pyroclastic lava, small. ie. sunset crater

Question 55

Describe a subduction fault.

Answer 55

Formed by pyroclastic debris and andesite flows, pyroclastic, very large. ie. mt. Rainer

Question 56

What is a mineral?

Answer 56

A naturally occurring solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set up physical properties. It is a single element or compound

Question 57

What are ore minerals?

Answer 57

Minerals that are valuable and economical to extract. Most of these minerals are found within rocks

Question 58

What are foreshocks?

Answer 58

Smaller events preceding an earthquake

Question 59

What are aftershocks?

Answer 59

Smaller events after the earthquake

Question 60

Where was the earliest earthquake device made?

Answer 60

China

Question 61

What is seismology?

Answer 61

The study of earthquakes

Question 62

What are the four common metallic minerals?

Answer 62

Graphite Galena Magnetite Pyrite

Question 63

How was social media implemented in the Great East Japan Tsunami in 2011?

Answer 63

Twitter was used to help prepare, respond, an recover

Question 64

How was social media implemented in the Haiti Earthquake in 2010?

Answer 64

Forums were used in response and recovery, as was ms share point, and twitter was used to respond