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Physical Geology > Physical Geology > Flashcards

Physical Geology Flashcards

0
Q

Which type of tectonic plate collision typically causes volcanoes?

A

Convergent fault lines(continent-oceanic)

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1
Q

Which type of tectonic plate collision causes mountains to be formed?

A

Convergent fault lines(continent-continent)

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2
Q

Rank the volcano eruptions in order of explosiveness from highest to lowest

A
  1. Caldera
  2. Plinian
  3. Vulcanian
  4. Stombolian
  5. Icelandic
  6. Hawaiian
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3
Q

What does VEI stand for?

A

Volcanic
Explosivity
Index

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4
Q

As the VEI increases, what happens?

A

The volume of ejected material becomes larger and the duration of the explosion is longer

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5
Q

What type of magma is typically associated with stratovolcanoes?

A

Andesitic/ mylolitic

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6
Q

What types of magma are typically associated with calderas?

A

Rhyolitic

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7
Q

What types of magma are typically associated with shields?

A

Basaltic

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8
Q

80% of volcanoes occur at…

A

Spreading centers

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9
Q

10% of volcanoes occur at…

A

Subduction zones

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10
Q

10% of volcanoes occur at…

A

Hot spots

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11
Q

Identify the three types if magma that are produced by volcanic activity

A

Basaltic
Andesitic
Rhyolitic

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12
Q

What type of magma is associated with quiet eruptions?

A

Basaltic

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13
Q

What type of magma is associated with violent eruptions?

A

Andesitic

Rhyolitic

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14
Q

Name the difference between pahoehoe and aa lava.

A

Pahoehoe and aa

  • smooth. -rough
  • rope like. -blocky
  • lower viscosity-higher viscosity
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15
Q

Name the difference between relative and absolute(radiometric) dating.

A

Relative dating places events in geologic history in the proper order, basis for the geologic time scale, but does not provide a true “age”, while absolute dating gives us the true age of a fossil or rock, and measures the amount of unstable isotopes that have “decayed” to figure out age

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16
Q

Name the laws of relative dating( there’s six)

A
  • Superposition(the youngest rocks at the top)
  • Cross-cutting relationships(geologic features that “cut through” other rocks are younger)
  • Law of inclusions(rocks imbedded in other rocks are older)
  • Law of original horizontality(and lateral continuity)(sediments are deposited horizontally under gravity)
  • Law of unconformities(disconformity, angular unconformity, and nonconformity)
  • faunal succession(different kinds of organisms that have lived during different times in earths history)
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17
Q

What is a disconformity?

A

A Boundary between two layers of noncontinous ages, usually marked by erosional surface

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18
Q

What is an angular unconformity?

A

A disconformity between layers of different angles, underlying layers are first tilted then erosion occurs to create a horizontal surface

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19
Q

What is a nonconformity?

A

A disconformity between different rock types, one of them being sedimentary rock

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20
Q

The oldest rocks ever dated were found where?

A

Hudson Bay, in Canada

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21
Q

What is the half-life of c-14?

A

5,730

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22
Q

Radioactive decay occurs when?

A

When an isotope of one element is transferred into a different element by changes in the nucleus.

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23
Q

What is the “parent”(radioactive decay)

A

The original material

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24
Q

What is the “daughter”(radioactive decay)?

A

What the parent decays into

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25
Q

What is a “half life”(radioactive decay)?

A

The time it takes for half of the parent life to decay

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26
Q

What are the properties of a mineral?

A
  • naturally occurring
  • inorganic solid(not liquid or gas)
  • ordered internal structure
  • specific chemical composition
27
Q

What are the characteristics of minerals you can use to identify?

A 
Shape
Luster
Color
Streak
Hardness
28
Q

Mohs hardness scale.

A
  1. Talc
  2. Gypsum
    -fingernail
  3. Calcite
    -copper penny
  4. ## Fluorite
  5. Apatite
    - glass and scratch plates
  6. ## Orthoclase
  7. Quartz
  8. Topaz
  9. Corundum
  10. Diamond
29
Q

What is effervescence?

A

“Fizz” with HCI(hydrochloric acid)

30
Q

What are the three main layers of the earth?

A

Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust

31
Q

What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust?

A

Continental: thick buoyant, and really old
Oceanic: thin, dense, and relatively young

32
Q

How do we know what the earth is made of?

A

Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity, magnetically, electrical, geodesy

33
Q

What are plate tectonics?

A

Earth is divided into 12 major plates, 16 total, which are moving in various directions

34
Q

What are tectonic plates made of?

A

The lithosphere

35
Q

How do the tectonic plates move?

A

Plates of the lithosphere are moved around by underlying hot mantle convection cells

36
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A

Convergent
Divergent
Transform

37
Q

How does the magnetic field effect rocks?

A

Igneous (lava) rock will record earths magnetic field when they form. Iron-Rich minerals crystallize from molten rock will orient towards magnetic north when they cool.

38
Q

Does the magnetic field change over time?

A

Yes, the polarity of the magnetic field shifts every .5-1 million years

39
Q

Continent-continent collision forms

A

Mountains

40
Q

Continent-oceanic collision is called

A

Subdivision

41
Q

Oceanic-oceanic collision forms

A

Trench

42
Q

What are transform boundaries?

A

Where plates slide past each other ie. the San Andreas fault

43
Q

What does a volcano consist of?

A

A vent(culdera) which is the opening on the top of the volcano
A cratir, like a side vent
A cone( I’m pretty sure that’s self-explanatory)
A conduit(think the X-files)
And the magma chamber

44
Q

How many volcanoes are there?

A

Over 1,500 volcanoes

45
Q

What is the biggest volcano on earth?

A

Mauna Loa

46
Q

The biggest volcano in the known universe?

A

Olympus mons(10x Mauna Loa)

47
Q

What is the highest volcano eruption in the world?

A

Ojos de selado(6,887 m)

48
Q

The highest volcano in the known universe?

A

Olympus mons(27,000 m)

49
Q

How many volcanoes occur at plate boundaries?

A

90%

50
Q

Of those volcanoes at plate boundaries, how many occur at
Spreading centers
Subduction zones
And hot spots?

A

10%, 80%, and 10%

51
Q

What are the three vs of volcanology and what are they?

A

Viscosity: controls if gas can escape from magma
Volatiles: the gas that, depending on viscosity, may or may not explode
Volume: the greater the volume, the more intense and bigger eruption

52
Q

What is pillow lava?

A

Explosive

53
Q

Describe a shield volcano.

A

Found at hot spots, formed from thin lava flows, basaltic lava, large width. ie. Hawaii

54
Q

Describe a cinder cone.

A

Found in flanks of shield volcanoes, formed by a single eruption, basaltic/pyroclastic lava, small. ie. sunset crater

55
Q

Describe a subduction fault.

A

Formed by pyroclastic debris and andesite flows, pyroclastic, very large. ie. mt. Rainer

56
Q

What is a mineral?

A

A naturally occurring solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set up physical properties. It is a single element or compound

57
Q

What are ore minerals?

A

Minerals that are valuable and economical to extract. Most of these minerals are found within rocks

58
Q

What are foreshocks?

A

Smaller events preceding an earthquake

59
Q

What are aftershocks?

A

Smaller events after the earthquake

60
Q

Where was the earliest earthquake device made?

A

China

61
Q

What is seismology?

A

The study of earthquakes

62
Q

What are the four common metallic minerals?

A

Graphite
Galena
Magnetite
Pyrite

63
Q

How was social media implemented in the Great East Japan Tsunami in 2011?

A

Twitter was used to help prepare, respond, an recover

64
Q

How was social media implemented in the Haiti Earthquake in 2010?

A

Forums were used in response and recovery, as was ms share point, and twitter was used to respond

Physical Geology (1 decks)

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