Physical Geography Flashcards
Odisha: Cyclone Phailin 2013
What were 3 impacts?
Why does odisha suffer from erosion?
-Chilika lake mangrove (mitigate and adapt) destruction (temporary)
-44 died
-Temporary CO2 surge.
-Rising sea levels (it is flat 480km region)
Hexadeltaic which means deposition.
Describe Odishas ICZM
-2010 regulating chilika pollution
-NGO wetlands mangrove restoration
-Crocodile and turtle conservation
-Ecotourism (godwit). 55% rise in employment
-40 cyclone shelters
Tohoku 2011: What type of earthquake? How far away was epicenter? Richter scale? 2 global impacts.
-Megathrust. 9 richter.
-43 miles east in the pacific. 40m waves. Carbon surge but temporary starvation too.
-Earths days 1.8 micro seconds shorter
-Honshu closer to N America
Impacts of Tohoku SEE
S: 18k dead, thyroid cancer in future for children
E: Already most in debt. 300 bil US
Panic selling of nuclear shares
Env: -40m waves inundated and carbon surge
-Radioactive rubble still remains in parts. Some animals thriving in spite of this eg bores. Though, in evaluation to this, overpopulated so have to be hunted but used for lab testing for long run studies.
Winston 2016 Fiji: Impacts and responses
S: 44 deaths and 80% without power for 3 weeks
Eco: 1.4 US billion (1/5 GDP)
Env: 450mm rain desalinated.
Short response: Aus provided helicopters. Doctors acting as vectors for disease.
Long: UNDP cash for work
Sandy Oct 2012 impacts and responses
-286 deaths in total. NY hospital power failure meant moving patients.
-Costliest storm to US. 75 bil. New South Ferry Station inundated
-NJ sewage in drinking water
-Haiti lost 70% crops eg bananas
Short response: UN sent 500k supplies to Cuba
Long: Billion Oyster project
600mip for 20 ft sea wall on Staten Island
Give 4 impacts of Madagascar deforestation on Carbon
-Slash and burn clears biomass and litter immediately. >100 metric tones
-Lose humus layer of soil (long term store)
-Crops replaced forests are for less efficient and storing carbon
-Grazing Cattlr has released CH4 more than 20x more potent than C02 but less long lasting impacts
Give one Env impact of deforesting in Madagascar
-1/2 of biodiversity in rainforest. 15/50 lemur species extinct.
What did the Madagascar conservation society do in 2013?
Set out 400k ha of forest aside from deforesting
Future deforestation of Amazon could lead to —- less regional rain
20%
How has water cycle been impacted by Madagascar deforesting
Much more soil erosion compared to average
Dry, baked soils. Rivers transport nutrients which helps vegetation growth downstream helping carbon sequestration
Less rain-bearing clouds increasing wildfire risk due to drier regional climate
Area of upper catchment of river exe in km2. What % of rock is impermeable? What % of land is for agriculture? Is rainfall high and why? Why high runoff?
-600km2
-84% impermeable bedrock with 67% agriculture (storage)
-High relief (orographic)rainfall from Atlantic.
-Bedrock, drainage ditches, Exeter urbanization/suds and Urban heat island
How many hA of land does Exmoor mires hope to restore? State 4 benefits of this project
-2k ha
Lots of SEE on a localized scale
More water storage in soils good for farmers if there is a drought.
Improved drinking water quality due to less sediment and less costly to treat.
More carbon sequestered in peat. Acts like sponge.
More education, leisure, ecotourism due to wide range of new wildlife.
What is carbon capture dam called in Canada 2014? Why is carbon capture bad and why can it be self-defeating?
Boundary dam. Trap 90% of ghgs.
Costly. Invest in renewables instead of trying to limit impact of non.
Issues of long-term reliability due to potential leaks into local environment.
Requires energy from fossil fuels to run. Undermines itself.
How much money per annum for LICs at cop21? Give 3 reasons this conference was unsucesssful. What year was highest in record for fossil fuel emissions?
$100 bil per year
No legally binding contracts to enforce.
Not enough funding for LICs. Gap between ambition and action=incentive gap.
Lack of immediate action as focused on long-term aims.
2023 highest fossil fuel emissions recorded.
Describe rift valleys
-Constructive margin. Divergence. Move laterally apart. Horsts. Crust rifts and sinks.
-Grwat East African rift valley. Lower than sea level so new sea can form
-Magma rises (convection currents) and forces crust to dome
-Parallel cracks in crust
-Steep/flat valley
What’s good with melting permafrost? Evaluate
Less snow for more plant growth and sequestration. Bad for some lichens and biodiversity
How far away is cowden from mappketon
1km
Describe ridge push
Ridge Push
• This happens at mid-ocean ridges, where new crust is formed as magma rises from below the Earth’s surface.
• The new crust is hot and less dense, so it sits higher than the older, cooler crust.
• Gravity causes the new crust to slide away from the ridge, pushing the tectonic plates apart
Issue with Smokey bear
Over prepared. More fuel because less is burnt. More mega fires in the future.
What year in 2020s we’re climate change impacts evident
2021 weather
Illness caused by silica from volcanoes
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.
Or, silicosis.
Criticisms of water balance
Based on historical data so can’t predict future
What has recently been discovered in Oregon
Record water stores
Carbon in the ground near the volcanoes
