physical function and causes of age related changes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most visible indicator of biologic
aging, lifestyle and environment

A

The skin

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2
Q

what are age related changes that affects the skin

A

-Thermoregulation
– Excretion of metabolic wastes
– Protection of underlying structures
– Synthesis of vitamin D
– Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
– Sensation of pain, touch, pressure, vibration and
temperature

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3
Q

what are the layers of skin, their functions and their age related changes

A

-Epidermis: serves as a barrier
-Dermis: functions—temperature regulation, sensory
perception and nourishment for all skin layers
-Subcutaneous tissue and cutaneous nerves: functions
storage of calories, insulation for body and regulation of
heat loss

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4
Q

what happens to the nails and hair during age related change

A

Nails: become thinner, fragile, brittle and prone to
splitting
* Hair: loss of body hair (trunk, axillae, pubic), graying and balding

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5
Q

what are risk factors that affect skin wellness

A

-Genetic influences
– Heredity: development of skin and hair changes
* Health behaviors and environmental influences
– Smoking, sun exposure, emotional stress, substance or alcohol abuse
* Sociocultural influences
– Cultural factors, societal attitudes, advertising influences hygiene and skin care
* Medication effects

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6
Q

what are functional consequences that affect skin wellness

A

-Delayed wound healing and increased susceptibility to skin
problems
* Comfort and sensation
– Dry skin is the most universal complaint, (85% of older adult)
– Decrease in sensation
– Cosmetic effects: paler, thinner, more translucent, irregular pigmentation

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7
Q

what is a skin cancer, give types and explain

A

Skin cancer: abnormal growth of skin cells
– Age-related changes and long-term sun exposure
– Basal cell carcinoma
– Squamous cell carcinoma
– Melanoma

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8
Q

what is a skin tear

A

Skin tears: traumatic
wounds involving
dermis and/or
epidermis caused by
friction, rubbing,
shearing force.

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9
Q

what are the types of skin tears

A

type 1 - wounds are linear or have flap with no loss of skin, if the wound has a flap, it should always be positioned to cover the wound base
type 2- wounds have partial loss of skin and the flap doesn’t cover the wound base when repositioned
type 3- wounds have total loss of the flap

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10
Q

what is a pressure injury

A

Pressure injury: is a localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony
prominence or related to a medical or other device.
* The injury can present as intact skin or an open injury and may be painful.
* The injury occurs as a result of intense and/or prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
* The tolerance of soft tissue for pressure and shear may also be affected by microclimate, nutrition,
perfusion, co-morbidities and condition of the soft tissue

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11
Q
A

Pressure injury: is a localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony
prominence or related to a medical or other device.
* The injury can present as intact skin or an open injury and may be painful.
* The injury occurs as a result of intense and/or prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
* The tolerance of soft tissue for pressure and shear may also be affected by microclimate, nutrition,
perfusion, co-morbidities and condition of the soft tissue

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12
Q

what is HAPU

A

mandate to document the presence of any skin breakdown on admission and during hospitilization

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13
Q

what are medical devices related pressure injuries

A

Medical devices-related pressure injuries : Masks, orthotics,
tubing, immobilizers, stockings, boots, nasogastric tubes,
cervical collars or braces, tracheostomy tubes and ties

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14
Q

what are the stages of pressure injuries

A

Stage 0: normal skin
– Stage I: nonblanchable erythema
– Stage II: partial thickness
– Stage III: full-thickness skin loss
– Stage IV: full-thickness tissue loss
– Unstageable: full-thickness skin or tissue loss—depth unknown

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14
Q

what are the functional consequences of pressure ulcers

A

Pain, loss of function, decreased quality of life

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15
Q

what are evidence-based tools for identification and risk for pressure ulcers

A

Evidence-based tools for identification and risk
o Braden Scale: best practice
o Norton and Waterloo scales

16
Q

what is the major role of sleep

A

Modulating metabolic, endocrine and cardiovascular systems

17
Q

True of false
Quantity and quality of sleep affects wellness.

A

True

18
Q

True or false
Approximately one third of a person’s lifetime is spent in sleep and rest
activities

A

True

19
Q

what are age related changes that affects sleep and rest

A

.Patterns of sleep: affected by complex interactions among
physiologic, environmental and psychosocial factors
* Sleep quantity
– Sleep efficiency: percentage of time asleep in bed
– Diminished sleep efficiency due to sleep latency and increased awakenings
* Sleep quality
– Sleep cycles and sleep stages
* Circadian rhythm: biological clock

20
Q

what are changes in sleep

A

non rem- Gradual increase in length of light sleep stages with less time in deep sleep
More frequent shifts in and out of light sleep

REM (dream stage)
Shorter episodes
Begins earlier in the night
Less intense

Sleep initiation
Longer time to fall asleep

Sleep maintenance
More frequent arousals

Sleep efficiency
Reduced amount of sleep during time in bed, more time in napping to compensate

Sleep schedule
Shift in nocturnal sleep phase to earlier bedtime and wakening

21
Q

what is the primary function of thermoregulation

A

Primary function: stable core body temperature

22
Q

True or false
Older adults are vulnerable to hypothermia and hyperthermia

A

true

23
Q

what are the age related changes that affect thermoregulation

A

Response to cold temperature
– Dull perception of cold and lack of stimulus to initiate protection
* Response to hot temperature
– Less able to adapt to hot environments
* Normal body temperature and febrile response to illness
– Older adults’ oral temperature ranges from 36.1°C to 36.3°C.
– Temperature elevation in pathologic conditions is diminished with
older adults (e.g., pneumonia), sometimes change of 11°C above
baseline is a warning sign.

24
Q

what are the Age related that affect sexual function

A

Changes affecting women
– Changes in hormonally regulated cycles reproductive ability
o Menopause (49 to 51 years)
 Perimenopause (many years before)
 Postmenopause (1 years after last period)
* Changes affecting men
– Andropause (30 to 60 years decrease testosterone)
– Erectile dysfunction – due to low serum testosterone levels
– Also risk for anemia, diabetes and osteoporosis.

25
Q

what are risk factors that affect sexual function

A

Myths and attitudes in society
– Societal influences, especially on attitudes, stereotypes and prejudices
* Social circumstances
– Availability of satisfactory partner
– Privacy for sexual activities
* Adverse effects of medication, alcohol and nicotine
– Medications adversely affect sexual function.
– Alcohol depresses central nervous system.
– Nicotine interferes with circulation to sexual organs.

26
Q

what are conditions affecting sleep

A

sleep disorders
insomnia
anxiety
depression
excessive daytime sleepiness
obstructive sleep apnea