physical function and causes of age related changes Flashcards
what is the most visible indicator of biologic
aging, lifestyle and environment
The skin
what are age related changes that affects the skin
-Thermoregulation
– Excretion of metabolic wastes
– Protection of underlying structures
– Synthesis of vitamin D
– Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
– Sensation of pain, touch, pressure, vibration and
temperature
what are the layers of skin, their functions and their age related changes
-Epidermis: serves as a barrier
-Dermis: functions—temperature regulation, sensory
perception and nourishment for all skin layers
-Subcutaneous tissue and cutaneous nerves: functions
storage of calories, insulation for body and regulation of
heat loss
what happens to the nails and hair during age related change
Nails: become thinner, fragile, brittle and prone to
splitting
* Hair: loss of body hair (trunk, axillae, pubic), graying and balding
what are risk factors that affect skin wellness
-Genetic influences
– Heredity: development of skin and hair changes
* Health behaviors and environmental influences
– Smoking, sun exposure, emotional stress, substance or alcohol abuse
* Sociocultural influences
– Cultural factors, societal attitudes, advertising influences hygiene and skin care
* Medication effects
what are functional consequences that affect skin wellness
-Delayed wound healing and increased susceptibility to skin
problems
* Comfort and sensation
– Dry skin is the most universal complaint, (85% of older adult)
– Decrease in sensation
– Cosmetic effects: paler, thinner, more translucent, irregular pigmentation
what is a skin cancer, give types and explain
Skin cancer: abnormal growth of skin cells
– Age-related changes and long-term sun exposure
– Basal cell carcinoma
– Squamous cell carcinoma
– Melanoma
what is a skin tear
Skin tears: traumatic
wounds involving
dermis and/or
epidermis caused by
friction, rubbing,
shearing force.
what are the types of skin tears
type 1 - wounds are linear or have flap with no loss of skin, if the wound has a flap, it should always be positioned to cover the wound base
type 2- wounds have partial loss of skin and the flap doesn’t cover the wound base when repositioned
type 3- wounds have total loss of the flap
what is a pressure injury
Pressure injury: is a localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony
prominence or related to a medical or other device.
* The injury can present as intact skin or an open injury and may be painful.
* The injury occurs as a result of intense and/or prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
* The tolerance of soft tissue for pressure and shear may also be affected by microclimate, nutrition,
perfusion, co-morbidities and condition of the soft tissue
Pressure injury: is a localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony
prominence or related to a medical or other device.
* The injury can present as intact skin or an open injury and may be painful.
* The injury occurs as a result of intense and/or prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
* The tolerance of soft tissue for pressure and shear may also be affected by microclimate, nutrition,
perfusion, co-morbidities and condition of the soft tissue
what is HAPU
mandate to document the presence of any skin breakdown on admission and during hospitilization
what are medical devices related pressure injuries
Medical devices-related pressure injuries : Masks, orthotics,
tubing, immobilizers, stockings, boots, nasogastric tubes,
cervical collars or braces, tracheostomy tubes and ties
what are the stages of pressure injuries
Stage 0: normal skin
– Stage I: nonblanchable erythema
– Stage II: partial thickness
– Stage III: full-thickness skin loss
– Stage IV: full-thickness tissue loss
– Unstageable: full-thickness skin or tissue loss—depth unknown
what are the functional consequences of pressure ulcers
Pain, loss of function, decreased quality of life
what are evidence-based tools for identification and risk for pressure ulcers
Evidence-based tools for identification and risk
o Braden Scale: best practice
o Norton and Waterloo scales
what is the major role of sleep
Modulating metabolic, endocrine and cardiovascular systems
True of false
Quantity and quality of sleep affects wellness.
True
True or false
Approximately one third of a person’s lifetime is spent in sleep and rest
activities
True
what are age related changes that affects sleep and rest
.Patterns of sleep: affected by complex interactions among
physiologic, environmental and psychosocial factors
* Sleep quantity
– Sleep efficiency: percentage of time asleep in bed
– Diminished sleep efficiency due to sleep latency and increased awakenings
* Sleep quality
– Sleep cycles and sleep stages
* Circadian rhythm: biological clock
what are changes in sleep
non rem- Gradual increase in length of light sleep stages with less time in deep sleep
More frequent shifts in and out of light sleep
REM (dream stage)
Shorter episodes
Begins earlier in the night
Less intense
Sleep initiation
Longer time to fall asleep
Sleep maintenance
More frequent arousals
Sleep efficiency
Reduced amount of sleep during time in bed, more time in napping to compensate
Sleep schedule
Shift in nocturnal sleep phase to earlier bedtime and wakening
what is the primary function of thermoregulation
Primary function: stable core body temperature
True or false
Older adults are vulnerable to hypothermia and hyperthermia
true
what are the age related changes that affect thermoregulation
Response to cold temperature
– Dull perception of cold and lack of stimulus to initiate protection
* Response to hot temperature
– Less able to adapt to hot environments
* Normal body temperature and febrile response to illness
– Older adults’ oral temperature ranges from 36.1°C to 36.3°C.
– Temperature elevation in pathologic conditions is diminished with
older adults (e.g., pneumonia), sometimes change of 11°C above
baseline is a warning sign.
what are the Age related that affect sexual function
Changes affecting women
– Changes in hormonally regulated cycles reproductive ability
o Menopause (49 to 51 years)
Perimenopause (many years before)
Postmenopause (1 years after last period)
* Changes affecting men
– Andropause (30 to 60 years decrease testosterone)
– Erectile dysfunction – due to low serum testosterone levels
– Also risk for anemia, diabetes and osteoporosis.
what are risk factors that affect sexual function
Myths and attitudes in society
– Societal influences, especially on attitudes, stereotypes and prejudices
* Social circumstances
– Availability of satisfactory partner
– Privacy for sexual activities
* Adverse effects of medication, alcohol and nicotine
– Medications adversely affect sexual function.
– Alcohol depresses central nervous system.
– Nicotine interferes with circulation to sexual organs.
what are conditions affecting sleep
sleep disorders
insomnia
anxiety
depression
excessive daytime sleepiness
obstructive sleep apnea
