Physical Force

Question 1

what is physical force

Answer 1

‘Peaceful if we may, forcibly if we must’

• using direct action such as strike to pressure force the authorities to back down.’
• For some this extended to use of threats, intimidation and possibly violence.

Question 2

Supporters

Answer 2

• O’Connor typically characterised as a physical force chartist. Used physical force language but was cautious in reality when faced with violence.
• Leaders such as Thomas Cooper, George Julian Harney and Ernest Jones also viewed as physical force sympathisers.

Question 3

Strengths

Answer 3

• arguably the best means of success- Chartists had greater numbers.
• Authorities not shy to use physical force against Chartists who protested

Question 4

Criticisms

Answer 4

• undermined the Chartist moral case
• Played into the authorities hands- provided an excuse to arrest Chartists.
• Counter productive- Scared authorities, reduced prospects of concession and provoked a hostile reaction.