Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (Laboratory) > Physical Examination of Urine (P & M) > Flashcards

Physical Examination of Urine (P & M) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a normal urine (in terms of descriptions of color)?

A

Common descriptions include:

1) Straw
2) Pale yellow
3) Yellow
4) Dark yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to properly examine a urine sx (for color examination)?

A

Examine the sx under a good light source, looking down through the container against a white bg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is urochrome?

A

1) It is a pigment w/c is responsible for the yellow color of urine
2) It is a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions, the body produces it at constant rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who coined the name urochrome?

A

Thudichum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is the name urochrome coined?

A

1864

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The actual amt of produced urochrome is dependent on what?

A

It is dependent on the body’s metabolic state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does increased amounts of urochrome happen?

A

1) Increased amounts produced in thyroid conditions and fasting states
2) Urochrome also increases in urine that stands at room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the characteristic of uroerythrin?

A

It is a pink pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does uroerythrin become present in urine?

A

It is most evident in sxs that have been refrigerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the result if uroerythrin is present in urine?

A

It results to precipitation of amorphous urates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is urobilin?

A

It is the oxidation product of urobilinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the result if urobilin is present in urine?

A

It imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the indication if a urine has pink to reddish-brown sediment?

A

There’s a presence of large amt of amorphous urates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the indication if a urine is dark yellow or amber in color?

A

1) It signifies a normal concentrated urine (dehydrated)

2) Bilirubin is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is bilirubin normal to be seen in urine sx?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

It is an abnormal pigment and should not be present in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What test should be done if bilirubin is expected in a urine sx?

A

Foam test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is foam test done?

A

If bilirubin is suspected, a yellow foam appears when the sx is shaken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the indication if a urine is yellow-orange in terms of color?

A

1) There is an occurrence of photo-oxidation of large amts of excreted urobilinogen to urobilin
2) Can be caused by phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin compounds to people who have UTIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If there is a photo-oxidation of large amts of urobilinogen to urobilin, can a yellow foam appear when a sx is shaken?

A

No, a yellow foam does not occur when the sx is shaken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the result of foam test for the following conditions:

1) The color of urine is yellow-orange
2) Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin compounds are present to people w/ UTIs

A

(+) yellow foam test [should be (-) yellow foam test?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is the presence of white foam normal in urine foam test?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens if urine is shaken vigorously for urine foam test?

A

A yellow colored foam at the upper portion of the sx occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the component that has the capability to interfere chemical analysis of urine?

A

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the causes of (+) yellow colored foam (on upper portion of sx)?

A

1) High bilirubin content

2) Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the indication if a urine is pink to brown in color?

A

Presence of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The intensity (or change) in color of urine w/ presence of RBCs depends on what factors?

A

1) The amt of blood present in the sx
2) The pH of sx
3) Length of contact (of RBCs to sx?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the indication if a urine is color brown?

A

Presence of oxidation of hgb to methemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When does oxidation of hgb to methemoglobin happen?

A

When RBCs present in sx are in acidic urine for several hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the indication if a fresh urine is color brown?

A

May indicate glomerular bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the cause of glomerular bleeding?

A

The conversion of hgb to methemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 2 general characteristics of urine w/ RBCs (hematuria)?

A

1) Pink to bright red; cloudy or turbid; (smoky red)

2) Dark red to brown; cloudy or turbid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the indication of a urine under the following circumstances:

1) Pink to bright red in color
2) Cloudy or turbid
3) (Smoky red)

A

Presence of fresh RBCs from lower urinary tract (UT) bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the indication of a urine under the following circumstances:

1) Dark red to brown in color
2) Cloudy or turbid

A

1) Presence of heavy bleeding in upper UT

2) Oxidation of hgb to methemoglobin in acidic urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the clinical significances of hematuria?

A

1) Pyelonephritis and UTI
2) Urolithiasis (renal calculi)
3) Glomerulonephritis
4) Tumor (kidney or bladder cancer)
5) Trauma
6) Exposure to toxic chemicals and drugs (hydroxycobalamin and aspirin)
7) Strenuous exercise
8) Prostatis in male
9) STIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the cause of hemoglobinuria?

A

Due to the in vivo breakdown of RBCs

37
Q

What is the characteristic of hemoglobinuria?

A

1) Presence of red plasma
2) Presence of red urine
* hence, red plasma + red urine

38
Q

What is the cause of myoglobinuria?

A

Due to breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers

39
Q

What is the result of the action of rhabdomyolysis?

A

It produces myoglobin that is rapidly cleared from plasma

40
Q

What is the resulting color of myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis)?

A

Darker red urine

41
Q

What are the characteristics of a sx with myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis)?

A

1) Clear, yellow plasma
2) Red urine
* hence, (clear, yellow plasma + red urine)

42
Q

What is the color of a urine sx w/ porphyria?

A

Port wine red

43
Q

Why is a urine color port wine red?

A

1) Color change happened due to exposure to sunlight

2) Due to oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins

44
Q

What is the cause of urine w/ porphyria?

A

Due to the abnormality in production and a partial block within the enzymatic porphyrin chain w/ metabolite formation

45
Q

What are the non-pathogenic causes of urine (in terms of hematuria?)?

A

1) Menstrual contamination
2) Ingestion of highly pigmented foods
3) In genetically susceptible persons, eating fresh beets causes a red color in alkaline urine
4) Ingestion of blackberries can produce a red color in acidic urine
5) Taking certain medications such as rifampin, phenolphthalein, phenindione, and phenothiazines (all meds produces red urine)

46
Q

Is it okay to give a urine sx contaminated w/ menstrual blood?

A

No

47
Q

What is the color of urine produced after ingestion of blackberries?

A

Red color in acidic urine

48
Q

What are the medications that can be taken w/c is considered as non-pathogenic causes of urine?

A

1) Rifampin
2) Phenolphthalein
3) Phenindione
4) Phenothiazines

49
Q

What is the resulting color of intake of certain medications (for non-pathogenic causes)?

A

All meds produces red urine

50
Q

What is alkaptonuria?

A

It is a congenital error of metabolism wherein Homogentisic acid is oxidized

51
Q

What is Homogentisic acid?

A

It is a metabolite of phenylalanine

52
Q

What is the resulting color for pts having alkaptonuria?

A

Black color in alkaline urine

53
Q

Why is the urine for pts w/ alkaptonuria color black?

A

Due to the oxidation of Homogentisic acid (urine is standing during this color change)

54
Q

What is the component present in malignant melanoma?

A

Melanin or melanogen

55
Q

What is the result of a urine from a pt having malignant melanoma?

A

Urine darkens on standing

56
Q

What happens to the urine of a pt having malignant melanoma?

A

Urine darkens due to reaction with nitroprusside and ferric

57
Q

What is the color of a urine of a pt w/ malignant melanoma?

A

(probably) brown-black (or brown to black) urine

58
Q

What are the medications that can cause brown-black (or brown to black) color of urine?

A

1) Levodopa
2) Methyldopa
3) Phenol derivatives
4) Metronidazole

59
Q

What are the causes of having blue or green color of urine?

A

1) Pseudomonas infections of the urinary
2) Indicanuria (blue-diaper syndrome)
3) Oxaluria (oxalate poisoning)
4) Phenol poisoning
5) Non-pathologic causes: ingestion of food colors (Clorets), intake of medications such as methocarbamol (Robaxin), methylene blue, and amitriptyline

60
Q

Give one situation where purple urine is present

A

For pts w/ indicanuria

61
Q

Why is the color of urine appear color purple?

A

1) Due to indican present in sx

2) Due to bacterial infection

62
Q

Where can the urine be found for pts w/ indicanuria?

A

In catheter bags of pts

63
Q

What are the bacteria that frequently causes indicanuria?

A

1) Klebsiella spp

2) Providencia spp

64
Q

What is the action of the bacteria present in the urine w/c can cause indicanuria?

A

Bacterial degradation of unabsorbed tryptophan in the intestine

65
Q

What is the result of bacterial digestion of unabsorbed tryptophan in the intestine?

A

This action leads to excessive indole production and thus to indicanuria w/c is oxidized to indigo blue

66
Q

What is clarity (of urine)?

A

It is a general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine sx

67
Q

How to properly examine the clarity of a urine sx?

A

Clarity of urine is determined by visually examining the mixed sx while holding it in front of a light source (use clear or transparent urine containers)

68
Q

Are color and clarity routinely determined at the same time?

A

Yes

69
Q

What are common terminologies used to report clarity of urine?

A

1) Clear
2) Hazy
3) Cloudy
4) Turbid
5) Milky

70
Q

What are the characteristics of a clear urine (urine clarity examination)?

A

1) No visible particulates

2) Transparent

71
Q

What are the characteristics of a hazy urine (urine clarity examination)?

A

1) Few particulates

2) Print can easily be seen through sx

72
Q

What are the characteristics of a cloudy urine (urine clarity examination)?

A

1) Many particulates

2) Print blurred through urine

73
Q

What are the characteristics of a turbid urine (urine clarity examination)?

A

1) Print cannot be seen through urine

74
Q

What are the characteristics of a milky urine (urine clarity examination)?

A

1) May precipitate or be clotted

75
Q

What factor of urine sx provides a key to microscopic examination?

A

Clarity

76
Q

Why does clarity provide a key to microscopic examination of urine sx?

A

Because the amt of turbidity should correspond w/ the amt of material observed under microscope

77
Q

What are the different components of (turbid?) urine (pathologic?)?

A

1) RBCs
2) WBCs
3) Bacteria
4) Yeast cells and fungal elements
5) Non-squamous epithelial cells
6) Abnormal crystals
7) Lymph fluids and lipids

78
Q

What are the different non-pathologic causes of turbid urine?

A

1) Squamous epithelial cells
2) Mucus
3) Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
4) Semen, spermatozoa
5) Fecal contamination
6) Radiographic contrast media
7) Talcum powder
8) Vaginal creams

79
Q

What is the odor of a freshly voided urine?

A

Aromatic odor

80
Q

What is the indication of an ammonia-like odor of urine?

A

Sx is standing at room temp w/c leads to breakdown of urea (to ammonia)

81
Q

What are the 8 unusual odors of urine?

A

1) Ammonia-like odor
2) Sweet or fruity odor
3) Maple syrup odor
4) Mousy odor
5) Rancid
6) Sweaty feet
7) Cabbage
8) Bleach

82
Q

What is the cause of ammonia-like odor of urine?

A

Presence of bacterial infections

83
Q

What is the cause of sweet or fruity odor of urine?

A

Presence of diabetic ketones

84
Q

What is the cause of maple syrup odor of urine?

A

Caused by metabolic defect maple syrup urine disease

85
Q

What is the cause of mousy odor of urine?

A

Phenylketonuria

86
Q

What is the cause of rancid odor of urine?

A

Tyrosinemia

87
Q

What is the cause of sweaty feet odor of urine?

A

Isovaleric acidemia

88
Q

What is the cause of cabbage odor of urine?

A

Methionine malabsorption

89
Q

What is the cause of bleach odor of urine?

A

Contamination

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (Laboratory) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions