PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE LAB

Question 1

What are the three main steps in urinalysis?

Answer 1

1. Specimen Collection
2. Physical Examination of Urine
3. Chemical Examination of Urine
4. Microscopic Examination of Urine
5. Release of Results

These steps ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the urine sample.

Question 2

What does the physical examination of urine determine?

Answer 2

Determination of urine color, clarity, and specific gravity

The physical examination provides preliminary information concerning disorders.

Question 3

What is Urochrome?

Answer 3

The pigment that causes the yellow color of urine

Urochrome concentration varies, affecting urine color.

Question 4

What are the common urine colors?

Answer 4

• Pale yellow
• Yellow
• Dark yellow

A noticeable change in urine color often prompts medical consultation.

Question 5

What does urine clarity refer to?

Answer 5

Transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen

Clarity is assessed visually against a light source.

Question 6

What are the categories for urine clarity?

Answer 6

• Clear
• Hazy
• Cloudy
• Turbid
• Milky

Each category indicates the presence of particulates in the urine.

Question 7

What is specific gravity in urine analysis?

Answer 7

Density of a solution compared with the density of distilled water (SG 1.000)

It measures the density of dissolved chemicals in urine.

Question 8

What is the normal range for random urine specific gravity?

Answer 8

1.002 - 1.035

This range indicates normal kidney function and urine concentration.

Question 9

What is isosthenuric urine?

Answer 9

Urine with a specific gravity of 1.010

Indicates a balance in urine concentration relative to plasma.

Question 10

What is the principle of urinometry?

Answer 10

Uses buoyancy to measure specific gravity

A weighted float in a calibrated scale displaces urine to indicate SG.

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of using a urinometer?

Answer 11

• Requires a large volume of urine
• Difficult to read with turbid specimens
• Temperature correction needed
• Large substance correction needed

These factors limit the accuracy and usability of the urinometer.

Question 12

What does harmonic oscillation densitometry measure?

Answer 12

Density of a solution based on sound wave frequency changes

It uses a U-shaped instrument to determine density through sound reflection.

Question 13

What is osmolality?

Answer 13

The number of particles of solute per kilogram of solvent

It measures colligative properties of solutions.

Question 14

What changes occur to the freezing point of water with the addition of 1 mole of solute?

Answer 14

Lowered by 1.86°C

This is an example of how solutes affect physical properties of solutions.

Question 15

What are the advantages of using refractometry in urine analysis?

Answer 15

• Requires a small volume of specimen
• No temperature corrections needed

Refractometry is efficient for quick assessments of urine concentration.

Question 16

What does a reagent strip measure?

Answer 16

Change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte in alkaline medium

This change indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in urine.

Question 17

What does the color change from blue to yellow on a reagent strip indicate?

Answer 17

Increase in hydrogen ion concentration as urine becomes more acidic

The color transition reflects varying pH levels in urine.