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CLINMICRO_PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE > Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Three things examined during physical examination of urine

A

Color
Clarity
Specific gravity

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1
Q

Pigment that gives urine its yellow color

A

Urochrome

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2
Q

Urochrome was named by ________ in the year _______.

A

Thudichum; 1864

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3
Q

Urochrome is a product of (exogenous/endogenous) metabolism.

A

Endogenous

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
Under normal conditions, urochrome is produced at a constant rate.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Urochrome (increases/decreases) in urine that stands at room temperature

A

Increases

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6
Q

A pink pigment that can be observed in refrigerated urine samples

A

Uroerythrin

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7
Q

Refrigeration of urine samples can cause precipitation of what type of crystals?

A

Amorphous urates

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8
Q

An oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen which is also present in urine in small quantities.

A

Urobilin

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9
Q

Urobilin imparts _______ color to urine that is not fresh.

A

Orange-brown

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10
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Recent fluid consumption

A

Colorless

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11
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Polyuria or diabetes insipidus

A

Pale yellow

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12
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Diabetes mellitus

A

Pale yellow

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13
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Dilute random specimen

A

Pale yellow

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14
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Concentrated specimen

A

Dark yellow

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15
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

B complex vitamins

A

Dark yellow

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16
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Dehydration

A

Dark yellow

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17
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Bilirubin

A

Dark yellow

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18
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Acriflavine

A

Dark yellow

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19
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Nitrofurantoin

A

Dark yellow

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20
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

A

Orange-yellow

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21
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Phenindione

A

Orange-yellow

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22
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

A

Yellow-green

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23
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Pseudomonas infection

A

Green

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24
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Amitriptyline

A

Blue-green

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25
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Methocarbamol

A

Blue-green

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26
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Clorets

A

Blue-green

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27
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Indican

A

Blue-green

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28
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Methylene blue

A

Blue-green

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29
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Phenol

A

Blue-green

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30
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Presence of red blood cells

A

Pink/Red

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31
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Hemoglobin

A

Pink/Red

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32
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Myoglobin

A

Red/Red-brown

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33
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Beets

A

Pink/Red

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34
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Rifampin
Phenolphthalein
Phenindione
Phenothiazine

A

Red

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35
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Menstrual contamination

A

Red

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36
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Porphyrins

A

Port wine

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37
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Red blood cells oxidized to methemoglobin

A

Red-brown

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38
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)

A

Brownish black/Black

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39
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Malignant melanoma

A

Brownish black/Black

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40
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Melanin or melanogen

A

Brownish black/Black

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41
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Phenol derivatives

A

Brownish black/Black

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42
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Argyrol (antiseptic)

A

Brownish black/Black

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43
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Methyldopa or levodopa

A

Brownish black/Black

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44
Q

Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

A

Brownish black/Black

45
Q

Presence of bilirubin may be suspected when urine produces _______ when shaken.

A

Yellow foam

Note: Normal urine produces small amount of rapidly disappearing foam

46
Q

Large amount of white foam in urine indicates increased concentration of ________.

A

Protein

47
Q

Color and transparency/clarity of urine when red blood cells are present:

A

Red; cloudy

48
Q

Color and transparency/clarity of urine when hemoglobin or myoglobin are present:

A

Red; clear

49
Q

Presence of myoglobin and hemoglobin both produces red and clear urine. What is one way to distinguish myoglobinuria from hemoglobinuria?

A

Examining patient’s plasma

Hemoglobinuria: red and clear urine + red plasma

Myoglobinuria: red and clear urine + clear plasma

50
Q

Stains of purple in urine may also be observed when the patient has a bacterial infection caused by what species?

A

Klebsiella or Providencia spp.

51
Q

This is a general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of urine specimen

A

Clarity

52
Q

Precipitation of this type of crystal/s cause a white cloudiness to the urine.

A

Amorphous phosphates and carbonates

53
Q

Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:

No visible particulates, transparent

A

Clear

54
Q

Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

55
Q

Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

56
Q

Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:

Print cannot be seen through urine

A

Turbid

57
Q

Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:

May precipitate or be clotted

A

Milky

58
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Squamous epithelial cells

A

Non-pathologic

59
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Mucus

A

Non-pathologic

60
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates

A

Non-pathologic

61
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Semen

A

Non-pathologic

62
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Fecal contamination

A

Non-pathologic

63
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Radiographic contrast media

A

Non-pathologic

64
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Talcum powder

A

Non-pathologic

65
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Vaginal cream

A

Non-pathologic

66
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Red blood cells

A

Pathologic

67
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

White blood cells

A

Pathologic

68
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Bacteria

A

Pathologic

69
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Yeast

A

Pathologic

70
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Nonsquamous epithelial cells

A

Pathologic

71
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Abnormal crystals

A

Pathologic

72
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Lymph fluid

A

Pathologic

73
Q

Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:

Lipids

A

Pathologic

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Clear urine is always normal.

A

FALSE

Abnormalities may still be found in clear urine which can be examined chemically and/or microscopically.

75
Q

The specific gravity of plasma filtrate entering glomerulus.

A

1.010

76
Q

This term is used to describe urine with a specific gravity of 1.010.

A

Isosthenuric

77
Q

Term used to describe urine with a specific gravity below 1.010

A

Hyposthenuric

78
Q

Term used to describe urine with a specific gravity above 1.010

A

Hypersthenuric

79
Q

Specific gravity of normal random specimens may be from ______ to ______.

A

1.002 to 1.035

Note: Most random urine specimens have a specific gravity of 1.015 to 1.030

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Specimens with specific gravity below 1.002 are most likely not urine.

A

TRUE

81
Q

This is the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at similar temperature.

A

Specific gravity

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Specific gravity of urine is a measure of the density of the dissolved chemicals in the specimen.

A

TRUE

83
Q

Methods used to measure urine specific gravity

A

Refractometry
Osmolality
Reagent strip

84
Q

This is the only method used to measure urine specific gravity that requires correcting

A

Refractometry

85
Q

Identify the method used to measure urine specific gravity:

Principle: changes in colligative properties by particle number

A

Osmolality

86
Q

Identify the method used to measure urine specific gravity:

Principle: Refractive index

A

Refractometry

87
Q

Identify the method used to measure urine specific gravity:

Principle: Reagent pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present

A

Reagent strip

88
Q

This is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution

A

Refractive index

89
Q

In refractometry, correction for glucose is calculated by subtracting ______ for each gram of glucose present.

A

0.004

90
Q

In refractometry, correction for protein is calculated by subtracting ______ for each gram of protein present.

A

0.003

91
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

In measuring urine specific gravity via refractometry, temperature must also be corrected aside from glucose and protein.

A

FALSE

Note:
Temperature corrections are not necessary because the light beam already passes through a temperature-compensating liquid prior to being directed at the specific gravity scale.

Temperature is compensated between 15°C to 38°C.

92
Q

This is used to calibrate refractometer.

A

Distilled water

93
Q

These are used to check calibration of refractometer.

A

5% NaCl or 9% sucrose

Note:
For 5% NaCl, conversion table should read 1.022 +/- 0.001

For 9% sucrose, conversion table should read 1.034 +/- 0.001

94
Q

This is a previously used method for determining urine specific gravities that consists of a weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity. The weighted float displaces a volume of liquid equal to its weight.

A

Urinometry

95
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Urinometry is less accurate than refractometry, osmolality, and reagent strip.

A

TRUE

96
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Specific gravity and osmolality are both affected by number of particles present and their densities.

A

FALSE

Note:
Specific gravity: affected by number of particles present and the density of particles

Osmolality: affected ONLY by the number of particles present

97
Q

Substances of interest when evaluating renal concentration ability.

A

Sodium
Chloride
Urea*

98
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Osmolarity of a solution can be determined by measuring a property that is mathematically related to the number of particles in the solution and comparing this value with the value obtained from the pure solvent.

A

TRUE

Note:
These properties are the colligative properties. Freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure are examples.

99
Q

The breakdown of this component gives urine a characteristic ammonia odor.

A

Urea

100
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Fruity, sweet

A

Ketones

101
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Foul, ammonia-like

A

Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection

102
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Maple syrup

A

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

103
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Mousy

A

Phenylketonuria

104
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Rancid

A

Tyrosinemia

105
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Sweaty feet

A

Isovaleric acidemia

106
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Aromatic

A

Normal

107
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Cabbage

A

Methionine malabsorption

108
Q

Identify possible cause of urine odor:

Bleach

A

Contamination

109
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
It is normal for freshly voided urine to have a faint aromatic odor.

A

TRUE

CLINMICRO_PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE (1 decks)

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