Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards
1
Q
Three things examined during physical examination of urine
A
Color
Clarity
Specific gravity
1
Q
Pigment that gives urine its yellow color
A
Urochrome
2
Q
Urochrome was named by ________ in the year _______.
A
Thudichum; 1864
3
Q
Urochrome is a product of (exogenous/endogenous) metabolism.
A
Endogenous
4
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Under normal conditions, urochrome is produced at a constant rate.
A
TRUE
5
Q
Urochrome (increases/decreases) in urine that stands at room temperature
A
Increases
6
Q
A pink pigment that can be observed in refrigerated urine samples
A
Uroerythrin
7
Q
Refrigeration of urine samples can cause precipitation of what type of crystals?
A
Amorphous urates
8
Q
An oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen which is also present in urine in small quantities.
A
Urobilin
9
Q
Urobilin imparts _______ color to urine that is not fresh.
A
Orange-brown
10
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Recent fluid consumption
A
Colorless
11
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
A
Pale yellow
12
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Diabetes mellitus
A
Pale yellow
13
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Dilute random specimen
A
Pale yellow
14
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Concentrated specimen
A
Dark yellow
15
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
B complex vitamins
A
Dark yellow
16
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Dehydration
A
Dark yellow
17
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Bilirubin
A
Dark yellow
18
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Acriflavine
A
Dark yellow
19
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Nitrofurantoin
A
Dark yellow
20
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
A
Orange-yellow
21
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Phenindione
A
Orange-yellow
22
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
A
Yellow-green
23
Q
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Pseudomonas infection
A
Green
24
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Amitriptyline
Blue-green
25
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Methocarbamol
Blue-green
26
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Clorets
Blue-green
27
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Indican
Blue-green
28
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Methylene blue
Blue-green
29
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Phenol
Blue-green
30
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Presence of red blood cells
Pink/Red
31
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Hemoglobin
Pink/Red
32
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Myoglobin
Red/Red-brown
33
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Beets
Pink/Red
34
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Rifampin
Phenolphthalein
Phenindione
Phenothiazine
Red
35
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Menstrual contamination
Red
36
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Porphyrins
Port wine
37
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Red blood cells oxidized to methemoglobin
Red-brown
38
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)
Brownish black/Black
39
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Malignant melanoma
Brownish black/Black
40
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Melanin or melanogen
Brownish black/Black
41
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Phenol derivatives
Brownish black/Black
42
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Argyrol (antiseptic)
Brownish black/Black
43
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Methyldopa or levodopa
Brownish black/Black
44
Indicate the COLOR of urine caused by:
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Brownish black/Black
45
Presence of bilirubin may be suspected when urine produces _______ when shaken.
Yellow foam
Note: Normal urine produces small amount of rapidly disappearing foam
46
Large amount of white foam in urine indicates increased concentration of ________.
Protein
47
Color and transparency/clarity of urine when red blood cells are present:
Red; cloudy
48
Color and transparency/clarity of urine when hemoglobin or myoglobin are present:
Red; clear
49
Presence of myoglobin and hemoglobin both produces red and clear urine. What is one way to distinguish myoglobinuria from hemoglobinuria?
Examining patient’s plasma
Hemoglobinuria: red and clear urine + red plasma
Myoglobinuria: red and clear urine + clear plasma
50
Stains of purple in urine may also be observed when the patient has a bacterial infection caused by what species?
Klebsiella or Providencia spp.
51
This is a general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of urine specimen
Clarity
52
Precipitation of this type of crystal/s cause a white cloudiness to the urine.
Amorphous phosphates and carbonates
53
Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:
No visible particulates, transparent
Clear
54
Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
Hazy
55
Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:
Many particulates, print blurred through urine
Cloudy
56
Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:
Print cannot be seen through urine
Turbid
57
Identify the term used for urine CLARITY/TRANSPARENCY:
May precipitate or be clotted
Milky
58
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Squamous epithelial cells
Non-pathologic
59
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Mucus
Non-pathologic
60
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
Non-pathologic
61
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Semen
Non-pathologic
62
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Fecal contamination
Non-pathologic
63
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Radiographic contrast media
Non-pathologic
64
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Talcum powder
Non-pathologic
65
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Vaginal cream
Non-pathologic
66
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Red blood cells
Pathologic
67
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
White blood cells
Pathologic
68
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Bacteria
Pathologic
69
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Yeast
Pathologic
70
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Nonsquamous epithelial cells
Pathologic
71
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Abnormal crystals
Pathologic
72
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Lymph fluid
Pathologic
73
Identify if the cause of urine turbidity is PATHOLOGIC/NON-PATHOLOGIC:
Lipids
Pathologic
74
TRUE OR FALSE:
Clear urine is always normal.
FALSE
Abnormalities may still be found in clear urine which can be examined chemically and/or microscopically.
75
The specific gravity of plasma filtrate entering glomerulus.
1.010
76
This term is used to describe urine with a specific gravity of 1.010.
Isosthenuric
77
Term used to describe urine with a specific gravity below 1.010
Hyposthenuric
78
Term used to describe urine with a specific gravity above 1.010
Hypersthenuric
79
Specific gravity of normal random specimens may be from ______ to ______.
1.002 to 1.035
Note: Most random urine specimens have a specific gravity of 1.015 to 1.030
80
TRUE OR FALSE:
Specimens with specific gravity below 1.002 are most likely not urine.
TRUE
81
This is the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at similar temperature.
Specific gravity
82
TRUE OR FALSE:
Specific gravity of urine is a measure of the density of the dissolved chemicals in the specimen.
TRUE
83
Methods used to measure urine specific gravity
Refractometry
Osmolality
Reagent strip
84
This is the only method used to measure urine specific gravity that requires correcting
Refractometry
85
Identify the method used to measure urine specific gravity:
Principle: changes in colligative properties by particle number
Osmolality
86
Identify the method used to measure urine specific gravity:
Principle: Refractive index
Refractometry
87
Identify the method used to measure urine specific gravity:
Principle: Reagent pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present
Reagent strip
88
This is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution
Refractive index
89
In refractometry, correction for glucose is calculated by subtracting ______ for each gram of glucose present.
0.004
90
In refractometry, correction for protein is calculated by subtracting ______ for each gram of protein present.
0.003
91
TRUE OR FALSE:
In measuring urine specific gravity via refractometry, temperature must also be corrected aside from glucose and protein.
FALSE
Note:
Temperature corrections are not necessary because the light beam already passes through a temperature-compensating liquid prior to being directed at the specific gravity scale.
Temperature is compensated between 15°C to 38°C.
92
This is used to calibrate refractometer.
Distilled water
93
These are used to check calibration of refractometer.
5% NaCl or 9% sucrose
Note:
For 5% NaCl, conversion table should read 1.022 +/- 0.001
For 9% sucrose, conversion table should read 1.034 +/- 0.001
94
This is a previously used method for determining urine specific gravities that consists of a weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity. The weighted float displaces a volume of liquid equal to its weight.
Urinometry
95
TRUE or FALSE:
Urinometry is less accurate than refractometry, osmolality, and reagent strip.
TRUE
96
TRUE OR FALSE:
Specific gravity and osmolality are both affected by number of particles present and their densities.
FALSE
Note:
Specific gravity: affected by number of particles present and the density of particles
Osmolality: affected ONLY by the number of particles present
97
Substances of interest when evaluating renal concentration ability.
Sodium
Chloride
Urea*
98
TRUE or FALSE:
Osmolarity of a solution can be determined by measuring a property that is mathematically related to the number of particles in the solution and comparing this value with the value obtained from the pure solvent.
TRUE
Note:
These properties are the colligative properties. Freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure are examples.
99
The breakdown of this component gives urine a characteristic ammonia odor.
Urea
100
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Fruity, sweet
Ketones
101
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Foul, ammonia-like
Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection
102
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Maple syrup
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
103
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Mousy
Phenylketonuria
104
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Rancid
Tyrosinemia
105
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Sweaty feet
Isovaleric acidemia
106
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Aromatic
Normal
107
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Cabbage
Methionine malabsorption
108
Identify possible cause of urine odor:
Bleach
Contamination
109
TRUE or FALSE:
It is normal for freshly voided urine to have a faint aromatic odor.
TRUE
