Physical Examination

Question 1

Yellow pigment that gives urine its normal color

Answer 1

Urochrome

Question 2

A pink pigment evident in refrigerated specimens that results from the precipitation of which amorphous material?

a. Urates
b. Phosphate
c. Carbonate

Answer 2

a. Urates

Question 3

Pink pigment evident in refrigerated specimens

Answer 3

Uroerythrin

Question 4

imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

Answer 4

Urobilin

Question 5

a drug commonly administered for UTIs that imparts dark yellow/amber/orange urine color

Answer 5

Phenazopyridine

Question 6

Causes of red/pink/brown colored urine: (4)

Answer 6

• Blood
• Hemoglobin
• Myoglobin
• Porphyrins

Question 7

How do you confirm presence of blood in urine sample?

Answer 7

The sample is cloudy red and shows intact RBCs microscopically

Question 8

How do you confirm presence of hemoglobin in urine sample?

Answer 8

The sample is clear red and shows lysed RBCs microscopically

Question 8

What does red/pink/brown urine with presence of myoglobin indicates?

Answer 8

Muscle damage

Question 9

Other term for muscle damage

Answer 9

Rhabdomyolosis

Question 10

Match: Amorphous Material

A. Urates
B. Phosphates

1. White Precipitate
2. Pink Precipitate

a. Alkaline urine
b. Acidic Urine

(Answer: Z-0-z)

Answer 10

Urates - Pink Precipitate - Acidic Urine

Phosphates - White Precipitate - Alkaline Urine

Question 11

Causes of Blue/Green urine

Answer 11

• Indican
• Methocarbamol and Amitriptyline
• Pseudomonas infection

Question 12

Causes of Dark brown/black urine

Answer 12

Melanogen
Homogentisic acid

Question 13

Pathologic causes of turbidity: (8)

Answer 13

1. Red blood cells (RBCs)
2. White blood cells (WBCs)
3. Bacteria
4. Yeast
5. Urothelial and renal tubular epithelial cells
6. Abnormal crystals
7. Lymph fluid
8. Lipids (milky)

Question 14

Non-pathologic causes of turbidity: (7)

Answer 14

1. Squamous epithelial cells
2. Mucus
3. Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, and urates
4. Semen/Spermatozoa
5. Feces
6. Radiographic contrast media
7. Powder and creams

Question 15

This reflects the ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute urine

Answer 15

Specific gravity

Question 16

a measure of its density, and it is influenced by the number and size of the particles present

Answer 16

Specific gravity

Question 17

What are the three methods for determining specific gravity?

Answer 17

• Refractometry
• Osmolality
• Reagent Strip

Question 18

Normal urine odor

Answer 18

Faint aromatic

Question 19

Foul ammoniacal urine odor

Answer 19

• UTI
• Bacterial Decomposition

Question 20

Fruity or sweet urine odor

Answer 20

Ketones due to DM, starvation or vomiting

Question 21

Maple syrup urine odor

Answer 21

Maple syrup urine disorder

Question 22

Mousy urine odor

Answer 22

Phenylketonuria

Question 23

Rancid urine odor

Answer 23

Tyrosinemia

Question 24

Sweaty feet urine odor

Answer 24

Isovaleric acidemia

Question 25

Cabbage urine odor

Answer 25

Methionine malabsorption

Question 26

Rotting fish (Galunggong-like) odor

Answer 26

Trimethylaminuria

Question 27

Bleach urine odor

Answer 27

Contamination

Question 28

Urine volume in healthy adult

Answer 28

400-2000mL

Question 29

a decrease in the normal daily urine output

Answer 29

Oliguria

Question 30

Oliguria is seen in states of dehydration such as: (4)

Answer 30

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Perspiration
• Severe burns

Question 31

the cessation of urine flow

Answer 31

Anuria

Question 32

What causes anuria?

Answer 32

serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys

Question 33

increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine

Answer 33

Nocturia

Question 34

increase in normal daily urine output

Answer 34

Polyuria

Question 35

Increased urine output is seen in individuals with: (5)

Answer 35

• Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Use of diuretics
• Caffeine consumption
• Alcohol consumption