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Veterinary Science 1 > Physical Exam & Behavior > Flashcards

Physical Exam & Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal Temp for Cats/Dogs

A

100.5 F to 102.5 F

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2
Q

Hyperthermia

A

104 F and higher

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3
Q

Causes of Hyperthermia

A
  • Diseases
  • Neurological injury (stroke)
  • Heat Stroke
  • Drug toxicity
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4
Q

Hyperthermia Results in

A
  • Increased tissue O2 reqs
  • Vasodilation to release body heat
  • Cardiac workload increases
  • Damage to vascular cells leading to DIC
  • Bounding pulse, tachycardia, & pale gums (slow refill)
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5
Q

Interventions for Hyperthermia

A
  • Cool compress
  • Cool w/ fan
  • Temperate bath
  • Room temp IV fluids
  • Cool water enemas
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6
Q

Don’t use for Hyperthermia

A

Ice water, it can cause vasoconstriction which will trap heat in the body, don’t want to cool down too fast

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7
Q

Hypothermia

A

99 F or less

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8
Q

Causes of Hypothermia

A
  • Medication (anesthesia)
  • Age (less than 1 month old)
  • Environment (left in snow)
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9
Q

Hypothermia results in

A
  • reduced metabolic rate
  • decreased O2 consumption (slower breathing)
  • decreased ability of hemoglobin to release O2 to tissue
  • peripheral vasconstriction
  • decreased heart rate
  • hypotension (low blood pressure)
  • decreased GI motility
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10
Q

Interventions for Hypothermia

A
  • warm blankets
  • warm water bottles/gloves
  • warm IV fluids
  • heat lamps (watch animal closely)
  • circulating water blanket
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11
Q

Don’t use for Hypothermia

A
  • heating pads
  • stationary heating elements
    (get too hot and can cause burns)
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12
Q

Pulse

A

A palpable rhythmic expansion of an artery due to contraction of the heart

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13
Q

Normal pulse for adult dogs

A

60-160 bpm

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14
Q

Normal pulse for Toy breeds

A

60-180 bpm

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15
Q

Normal pulse for puppies

A

up to 220 bpm

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16
Q

Normal pulse for cats

A

110-220 bpm (not unusual to be higher at the vet, cat’s stressed)

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17
Q

Where/how is the pulse taken

A

The usual site is at the femoral artery, count for 15 secs and times by 4 to get bpm (beats per minute)

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18
Q

Thready Pulse

A

weak pulse that can be a sign of shock of cardiopulmonary dz

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19
Q

Bounding Pulse

A

overly strong pulse that can be a sign of stress, pain, or cardiopulmonary dz

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20
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate; decrease in cardiac output can cause organ failure or death

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21
Q

Causes of Bradycardia

A
  • hypothermia
  • metabolic diseases
  • medications
  • hypothroidism
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22
Q

Interventions for Bradycardia

A
  • ECG
  • Thoracic Radiograph for Dx
  • Supplement w/ O2
  • Chemical (atropine or epinephrine)
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23
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate; can lead to permanent heart arrhythmia, murmurs, or cardiac failure

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24
Q

Causes of Tachycardia

A
  • pain
  • shock
  • stress
  • excitement
  • febrile (fever)
  • medications
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25
Q

Interventions for Tachycardia

A
  • find the underlying cause

- treat the cause appropriately

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26
Q

How is respiration measured?

A

Watch the chest for expansion & contraction for 15 sec x by 4 for rpm (respirations per minute)
Do first for TPR

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27
Q

Normal Resp Rate for Cats:

A

20-30 rpm

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28
Q

Normal Resp Rate for Dogs:

A

15-30 rpm

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29
Q

How is panting recorded?

A

Considered normal in dogs, note if labor

Not normal in cats

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30
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid, shallow breathing

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31
Q

Causes of Tachypnea

A
  • obstruction
  • pain
  • stress
  • pulmonary dz
  • hyperthermia
  • shock
  • seen in animals w/ pneumothorax/hemothorax
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32
Q

Interventions for Tachypnea

A
  • minimize/decrease stress
  • administer O2
  • treat shock
  • cool temp
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33
Q

If there is an obstruction in the upper airway:

A
  • palpate for object
  • radiographs to locate if not palpable
  • might need to sedate
  • remove obstruction
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34
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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35
Q

Causes of Dyspnea

A
  • restricted airway
  • pneumothorax
  • pleural effusion
  • upper airway dz (laryngeal paralysis/obstruction)
  • lower airway dz (bronchitis, kennel cough)
  • diaphragmatic hernia
  • CHF (congestive heart failure)
  • obesity
  • pulmonary dz
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36
Q

Interventions for Dyspnea

A
  • administer O2
  • IVF
  • Chest radiographs
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37
Q

Weight should be taken daily because:

A

it’s important for medication calculations & hydration state

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38
Q

To convert lbs to kgs:

A

divide lbs by 2.2 to get kgs and round to 10th place

39
Q

MM

A

Mucous Membrane

40
Q

Gingival

A

Gums (most common mucous membrane to check)

41
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membrane of the eye

42
Q

Normal MM color is

A

Pink (light bubble gum pink)

43
Q

Abnormal MM colors

A
  • Cyanotic
  • Jaundice/Icteric
  • Pale/White
  • Erythemic/Hyperemic
44
Q

CRT is

A

Capillary refill time

45
Q

Normal CRT is

A
46
Q

To obtain CRT:

A

Push on gums till they turn white, let go, & count

47
Q

Prolonged CRT is recorded as:

A

> 2 secs

48
Q

Prolonged CRT Causes:

A
  • dehydration
  • cardiac dz
  • shock
49
Q

If gums are pale or cyanotic w/ prolonged CRT:

A

Notify vet and administer O2

50
Q

Treatment for CRT:

A
  • measure blood pressure
  • ECG
  • PCV
  • administer fluids
51
Q

Ausculation

A

Listening to sound within the body w/ means of amplification

52
Q

What two systems is ausculation performed on for small animals?

A

Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems

53
Q

Bell of stethoscope

A

smaller curved side, used for GI sounds or neonates

54
Q

Diaphragm of stethoscope

A

large side, used for listening to cardiovascular or respiratory system

55
Q

Where is the heart listened to?

A

Left side of the thorax, behind the elbow

56
Q

What is recorded when listening to the heart?

A

Heart rate and quality

Count for 15 sec x 4

57
Q

Murmurs

A

abnormal heart sound generated by blood flow through the heart
murmurs are graded I-VI (by Dr.)

58
Q

Murmurs indicated:

A
  • cardiac dz
  • dehydration
  • over hydration
59
Q

Arrhythmias

A

abnormal heart rhythm (can be heard on ausculation or ECG)

60
Q

“Normal” Sinus Arrhythmia

A
  • irregularity due to respiratory cycle
  • increases on inspiration, decreases on expiration
  • more pronounced under anesthesia
  • non pathogenic
61
Q

Pulse Deficit

A

difference between heart rate and palpable pulse

62
Q

Causes of Pulse Deficit

A
  • lack of circulation

- heart dz

63
Q

Normal lung sounds:

A
  • nothing or slight air movement
  • includes both sides of the chest & trachea
  • check for breath quality
64
Q

Stridor

A

high pitched sound heard on inspiration

65
Q

Stridor can indicate:

A

something stuck in the throat (upper airway)

66
Q

Crackles

A

sound like rice crispies, pops & crackles, happens near the end of breathing pattern

67
Q

Rales

A

crackling, bubbling sound, happens through out the breathing pattern

68
Q

Crackles can indicate:

A
  • asthma
  • bronchitis
  • pneumonia
69
Q

Rales can indicate:

A
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
  • pneumonia
70
Q

Bronchi

A

rattling or snoring sound

71
Q

Bronchi can indicate:

A
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
  • pneumonia
72
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling the outside surfaces of the body, to look for tumors, wound, bumps, foreign bodies

73
Q

Palpation of eyes

A

look for redness
pupils - same size
discharge - one or both eyes
pupilary light reflex

74
Q

Palpation of ears

A

look for smells/odors
inflamation of pinna
mites (common in cats)
hemtomas

75
Q

Palpation of nose

A

blood
pus
foamy or clear discharge

76
Q

Palpation of mouth

A

sores, tumors, teeth, gums, tongue, halatosis

77
Q

Palpation of neck

A

look for alopecia, hot spots, cervical pain, lymphnodes, lumps & bumps

78
Q

Palpation of extremities (limbs/tail)

A

look at paws for redness, check nails, check for burrs between toes

79
Q

Palpation of chest/thorax

A

is hair/coat dry/oily/flaky/dull
alopecia
parasites

80
Q

Palpation of abdomen

A

check for pain/lumps

81
Q

Palpation of lymph nodes

A

usually shouldn’t feel them

82
Q

Name/location of 5 lymph nodes

A

submandibular (under chin)
popliteal (back leg above hock)
prescapular (above front leg, near scapula)
axillary (in armpit of front leg)
inguinal (where back leg meets body, near femoral vein)

83
Q

Palpation of reproductive areas

A 
cryptorchid, extrude penis (does it extrude)
vulva - redness, discharge
puppies
vaginitis (from over chewing)
pyometra (pus in uterus)
84
Q

CVTs need to understand behavior:

A
  • safety of self, vet, owner, animal
  • is behavior medical issue or behavioral issue
  • client education
  • animal advocacy, why behavior is occurring & what it means
85
Q

What are the 5 senses:

A

sight, sound, taste, smell, touch

86
Q

What sense is most important to dogs/cats for communication?

A

touch

87
Q

Define Ethology

A

study of animal behavior in a natural setting

88
Q

Animal behaviorist is:

A

someone who studies how animals behave & trys to determine what causes certain behavior & what factors prompt behavior changes

89
Q

Anthromorphism is:

A

attributing human characteristics to anything but humans

90
Q

Factors that influence behavior:

A 
maternal status
owner's lifestyle
environmental changes
gender
age
health status
91
Q

Agonistic behavior is:

A

the way an animal reacts to a situation perceived as conflict, choices made when responding to these challenges

92
Q

4 ways animals react to conflict:

A

escape, submissive/appeasement, threatening, aggression

93
Q

9 types of aggression:

A

fear, pain-elicited, dominance, territorial, possessive, maternal, protective, predatory, inter-male/female

94
Q

Types of aggression that are normal behavior:

A

territorial & maternal

Veterinary Science 1 (9 decks)

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