Physical Education Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the skeleton?
A
- Support
- Shape
- Movement
- Protection
- Red blood cell production
2
Q
How do bones give us support?
A
They help keep organs and tissues in place, give back posture
3
Q
How do bones give us shape
A
Determine our height and build and provides frame to which our muscles attach to
4
Q
How do bones give us movement?
A
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons, movement occurs when muscles contract and relax creating movement at a joint
5
Q
How do bones provide protection?
A
Flat Bones provide protection around organs as they are delicate and easily damaged
6
Q
How does bones give red blood cell production?
A
The centre of some large bones contain red bone marrow, red blood cells are produced from this bone marrow
7
Q
What is LBB?
A
Ligament, Bone, Bone
8
Q
What is BMT?
A
Bone, Muscle, Tendon
9
Q
What are some examples of the flat bones and what do they protect?
A
- Cranium, protects the brain
- Ribcage, protects the lungs
- sternum, protects the heart
10
Q
What is an example of where red blood cell production occurs?
A
The femur contain lots of bone marrow
11
Q
What are the three bones in you arm?
A
HRU- Humerus, Radius, Ulna
12
Q
Collarbone?
A
Clavicle
13
Q
Shoulder blade?
A
Scapula
14
Q
3 bones in hands?
A
Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
15
Q
Spine?
A
Vertebrae
16
Q
Head?
A
Cranium
17
Q
Jaw?
A
Mandible
18
Q
Thigh?
A
Femur
19
Q
Knee?
A
Patella
20
Q
Shin?
A
Tibia and Fibula
21
Q
Ankle?
A
Talus
22
Q
3 bones in feet?
A
Tarsals, Metatarsals and phalanges
23
Q
Tailbone?
A
Coccyx
24
Q
What are the four types of bones?
A
- Long
-Short - Flat
- Irregular
25
What are long bones?
They are longer than they are wide, provide large range on movements like levers, contain bone marrow for red blood cell production
26
Example of long bones?
Femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, radius, ulna, phalanges and clavicle
27
What are short bones?
Small squat bones, enable fine movement in many different directions and provide support
28
Examples of short bones?
Carpals and tarsals
29
What are flat bones?
Have large surface area for muscles to attach to, important for movement and provide protection for internal organs
30
What are irregular bones?
They provide protection and support and are shaped to suit specific jobs
31
An example of irregular bones?
Vertebrae
32
What is a joint
A point where two or more bones meet
33
What are the types of synovial joints?
Hinge and ball and socket
34
What are fibrous joints?
Where little or no movements are possible between the flat bones
35
Where are cartilaginous joints found? What is their movement like?
They are found in between the vertebrae and they are freely moveable
36
What are the most common types of joints in the body?
Synovial Joints
37
What can synovial joints provide?
A large range of movement
38
Where do the synovial joint line and what do they do?
THey line the inside of the joint capsule secreting synovial fluid into the cavity
39
What is synovial fluid?
A lubricant
40
What do lubricants do?
To reduce friction for smoother movement reducing wear and tear
41
What is the joint capsule made of? Where is it?
It is made of fibre membrane and located just outside the synovial membrane
42
What does the joint capsule do?
To protect the inside of the joint and add more structure and to help keep bones in place
43
What are the ligaments main rule?
To connect the bones and keep them in place
44
What are cruciate ligaments?
Run directly inside the joint at the end of bones, made of strong and flexible material
45
What is main function of cartilage?
For shock absorption and to stop bones from knocking together
46
What do tendons do?
Connect muscles to bones
47
What is the ball and socket joint?
One bone that has a ball/bulge like structure that fits into a socket and onto another bone
48
What does the synovial joint do?
Provide wide range of movement but are less sable and more prone to injury
49
What are examples of B&S
Hip and shoulder
50
What can hinge joints do?
Only move in one direction, they are mores stable- less prone to injury`
51
Example of hinge joint?
Elbow and knee
52
Joints that are immoveable and cannot move are called...
Fixed/ immovable/ fibrous joints
53
Bones that have a small range of movement as they are connected by ligaments and cartilage are called...
Slightly moveable/ cartilaginous joints
54
Most joints in the body- large range of movement are called...
Freely moveable synovial joints
55
Example of immoveable joint?
Cranium
56
Example o freely moveable joint?
Pelvis
57
Example of slightly moveable joint
Vertebrae
58
What is adduction?
Movement of a limb/ limbs/ other parts that move towards the midline of the body
59
What is abduction?
Movement of limbs/limb or other parts that move away from the midline of the body
60
What is flexion?
To bend or be in a bent position- angle decreases
61
What is extension?
The angle increases
62
What is circumduction?
Moving something in a circular direction
63
What can hinge joints do?
Move in one direction- flexion and extension only
64
Thigh muscle?
Quadricep group and Hip flexors
65
Shin muscle?
Tibialis anterior
66
Ab muscles?
Pectorals, abdominals and obliques
67
Shoulder muscles?
Deltoids
68
From of the arm muscles?
Bicep
69
Back of the arm muscles?
Tricep
70
Shoulder balde muscle?
Trapezium
71
Spine muscles?
Erector Spine
72
Back muscles?
LATS- Latissimus dorsi
73
Butt muscle?
Gluteals
74
Back of thigh muscles?
Hamstring group
75
Back of shin muscles?
Gastrocnemius
76
Why do muscles come in pairs?
To allow movement in two direction
77
What are a pair of muscles called?
Antagonistic muscles
78
What are antagonistic muscles?
When one muscle contracts and the other relaxes to create movement
79
What is the agonist?
The main mover- contracts to make movement while the antagonist relaxes
80
What is the antagonist muscle?
Relaxes while the agonist contracts
81
What are examples of antagonistic pairs?
- Biceps and triceps
- Hamstrings and quadriceps
- Hip flexors and gluteals
82
What is plantarflexion?
Extension of the ankle
83
What are the two different ways muscles contract?
Isometric and isotonic
84
What is isometrically contracting?
Produces force but stays the same length
85
What is isotonic contracting? Example
Muscles change length when they contract
Eg. Deltoid- when weight lifting bar above head during weight lifting
or
Scrummaging between two equally matched packs in rugby
86
What is isotonic contracting?
Muscles change length when they contract
87
What are the two types of isotonic contracting?
Eccentric and concentric
88
What is eccentric contraction? Give an example.
When muscles contract and they lengthen
Eg. Quadriceps lengthen when they contract allowing flexion in knee during the downward stage of a squat
89
What is concentric contraction? Give an example.
When the muscles contract and shorten
Eg. Triceps shorten when contracting creating extension at elbow when shooting a basketball
90
What are muscle fibres
Cells that make up the muscle- contract when the brain tells them to enabling movement
91
What are the two types of muscle fibres?
Fast twitch and slow twitch
92
What causes muscle fibres to contract?
Electrical pulse from the brain
93
Slow twitch fibres...
Are small, produce little force and can continue to work for long periods of time
94
Fast twitch fibres produce...
Fair amount of force, contract quickly and powerful, less endurance and tire quickly
