Physical Education Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton
Axial skeleton protects the inner organs of the body
What is the function of the skeleton
- Bones provide structure for the body
- Provide attatchment points for muscles
- Protect Vital Organs
- Store amounts of minerals
- Produce red blood cells
What are the 3 joint classification and their characteristics
FIBROUS-immovable
CARTILIGENOUS- slightly moveable
SYNOVIAL- freely moveable
What are the 6 synovial joints
Gliding Saddle Hinge Pivot Condyloid Ball and socket
Three types of muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
Skeletal muscles
What are the 7 steps in explaining the sliding filament theory
- A nerve impulse in transmitted to the muscle
- Chemical released (calcium)
- Myosin filaments attatch to the actin forming cross bridges
- Energy is released , myosin cross-bridges oull the actin filaments inwards shortening the muscle
- Myosin reattach to the actin pulling consistently making a powerstroke
- The muscle contraction can last for as long there is enough calcium and energy to sustain the movement
- The muscle return to its original state
What are the production of movement
EXCITABILITY
The ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals.
EXTENSIBILITY
The capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length
CONTRACTIBILITY
The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten.
ELASTICITY
The ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been
stretched.
What are the characteristics of 2A/B and 1A fibres in the body
Fast twitch 2A 2B – Rapid Contreactions speeds , fatigue quicker, create greater force and power
Slow Twitch 1A – Slow contractions speeds , fatigue slower , contracts quicker creating a longer movement over time
What are antagonist pairs and what are the examples of one
Antagonistic pairs are the agonist and antagonist in a movement of 2 muscles. Exg of this in a bicep curl where the angonist muscle is the bicep and the antagonist is the tricep which is relaxing.
Identify the three phases of a skill
- Preparation (Before)
- Execution (During)
- Completion (Follow through)
Define linear motion
Define angular motion
Define general motion
Linear motion is the movement on a curved or a straight line however is not the change on an axis
Angular motion is the movement of an action on an axis
General is the combination of both angular and linear motions
Define Newtons 1st Law
An object will remain at rest until a force is acted upon it
Define Newtons 2nd Law
An object will require more force in reference to the mass x acceleration
Define Newtons 3rd Law
Their is an opposite and equal reaction to a force being applied
Identify the projectile factors that influence the trajectory
- Speed of Release
- Angle of Release
- Height of Release
- Gravity
- Spin
- Air Resistance
Contrast pulmonary and systemic circulation within the heart
Pulmonary circulation blood between the heart and lungs transporting deoxygenated blood in the lungs for it to be converted to oxygenated.
Systemic circulation blood is between the heart and the rest of the body and is the oxygenated blood to be pumped around the body.
Define the functions of the respiratory system
- Air first enters your body through your nose or mouth (nasal or oral cavities), which wets and warms the air. (Cold, dry air can irritate your lungs.)
- The air then travels through pharynx to your voice box (Larynx)
- Down your windpipe (Trachea)
- The windpipe splits into two bronchial tubes (Bronchi) that enter your lungs
- Bronchi branch further into bronchioles
- Oxygen then travels into the alveoli sacs
- Gas exchange occurs for oxygen to enter the blood stream
Define each of the acute circulatory response to physical activity 7
INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT (HR * SV)
Total amount of blood the heart pumps every minute
INCREASED HEART RATE
Number of times heart beats per min
INCREASED STROKE VOLUME
The total amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat
INCREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE
Increases in response to exercise
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Working muscles in heat production in the body during exercise
SELECTIVE REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD
During exercise, arteries open up and contract to allow more or less blood to reach certain areas of the body.
INCREASED ATRIOVENOUS DIFFERENCE (AVO2)
Define each of the acute respiratory response to physical activity
INCREASED RESPIRATORY RATE
The increased need for oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide during exercise results in an increased breathing rate.
INCREASED GAS EXCHANGE
Diffusion – movement of a gas from high pressure to low pressure
INCREASED OXYGEN UPTAKE
Oxygen uptake increases dramatically during first few minutes of exercise (oxygen deficit) as the anaerobic energy system is the dominant energy provider
INCREASED TIDAL VOLUME
Tidal volume refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal respiration
What are the three types of forces
FORCE WITH MOTION—ISOTONIC FORCE
Change in the length of a muscle performed against a CONSTANT load
FORCE WITH MOTION— ISOKINETIC FORCE
Change in the length of a muscle, however, is performed against VARYING load
FORCE WITHOUT MOTION— ISOMETRIC FORCE
If the muscle length does not change, then an isometric contraction or force is being applied.
What are the two balances
static balance
dynamic balance
Factors that affect balance
mass of the object
Height of COG to the base of support
The midline in relation to the base of support
The area of the support increasing stability
What are the long term adaptions
cardiac output heart rate (HR) blood pressure (BP) blood volume/haemoglobin stroke volume maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) capillarisation ventilation oxygen exchange muscle hypertrophy increased flexibility increased aerobic and anaerobic capacity
THE 4 OBSERVATION AND ANALYSING MOVEMENT
Preparation
Observation
Evaluation
Intervention
What is Bernouli’s principle
Bernoulli’s Principle states that velocity is inversely proportional to pressure.
