Physical Education Flashcards
Acute
The immediate response the body has to physical stress (exercise).
Aerobic power
The rate of energy production from the aerobic energy system (i.e. energy produced in the presence of oxygen).
Aerobic glycolysis
The breakdown of glycogen in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, water and heat.
Anaerobic capacity
The total amount of energy obtainable from the anaerobic energy systems (the combined capacity of the ATP-PCr system and anaerobic glycolysis system).
Anaerobic glycolytic energy system
An energy system that relies on the breakdown of glycogen, in the absence of oxygen, to produce energy. Also known as the glycolytic/ non-oxidative energy system
Anaerobic power
The amount of energy that can be generated by the anaerobic energy systems per unit of time. Rate of energy production anaerobically.
ATP-PCr energy system
An immediate energy system that does not require oxygen. Also known as the phosphagen system.
Associative phase
The second phase in the learning of a new skill in which movement patterns become more refined and consistent through practice.
Autonomous phase
The final phase in the learning of a new skill in which the control of movement appears to be automatic and free of the need for constant attention.
Blocked practice
A type of practice in which each skill component is practiced repetitively as an independent block.
Centre of mass
The theoretical point in an object at which its entire mass appears to be concentrated; also known as centre of gravity.
Chronic adaptations
Physiological changes of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems as a result of long-term training.
Cognitive phase
The initial phase in the learning of a motor skill where the emphasis is on conscious understanding of the task requirements.
Degrees of freedom
The number of independent variables (muscles, joint angles) that must be simultaneously controlled to produce purposeful movement.
Displacement
The difference between the initial position and the final position of an object.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A polypeptide hormone produced in the kidneys. Synthetic EPO is an illegal performance-enhancing supplement that may improve performance in endurance events.
Force summation
The correct timing and sequencing of body segments and muscles through a range of motion.
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of each cell forming a tissue.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of metabolic equilibrium in an organism.
Inactivity
Not being physically active – failure to meet the desired levels of physical activity as described by the Physical Activity Guidelines.
Interplay
The three energy systems working together to produce the energy required for the activity being undertaken.
Inertia
The resistance of a body to a change in its state of motion.
Isoinertial
Muscle action where the force is constant throughout the motion.
Isokinetic
Muscle action where the velocity of movement is constant throughout the motion.
isometric
Muscle action where the muscle length remains constant while force is developed.
Kinematics
The description of motion.
Lactate inflection point (LIP)
The point of inflection on the curve of blood lactate vs. exercise intensity above which, as the rate of lactate production exceeds removal, blood lactate concentrations increase disproportionally with increasing exercise intensity.
Kinetics
The study of forces that cause motion.
Moment of inertia
A measure of an object’s resistance to change in its rate of rotation.
Momentum
The product of mass and velocity. For example, a body with greater mass moving faster will have greater momentum than a lighter object moving slower.
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.
Muscular power
The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to exert a maximum amount of force in the shortest period of time.
Muscular strength
Peak force that a muscle can develop.
Physical activity
Bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above the basal level. This may include activities such as sport, exercise and active transport, household chores and recreational activities.
Reciprocal inhibition
Muscles working together to produce movement – muscles on one side of the joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of the joint.
Sedentary behaviour
Activities that do not increase energy expenditure substantially above the resting level. Sedentary behaviours include activities such as sleeping, lying down, sitting, watching television and other screen-based entertainment.
Sociocultural
Of, or relating to the interaction of social and cultural elements such as family, peers, community, gender, socio-economic status, cultural beliefs and traditions
Size principle
The principle by which motor units are recruited in order of their size from smallest to largest.
Social-ecological model
A model that recognises the interwoven relationship that exists between the individual and their environment and the factors that affect their behaviour.
Social-ecological model
A model that recognises the interwoven relationship that exists between the individual and their environment and the factors that affect their behaviour.
Speed
The rate of motion (distance/time).
Stabilisers
Muscles which contract to fixate the area so that another limb or body segment can exert a force and move.
Static equilibrium
The state in which a body has zero velocity and zero acceleration. A body is in equilibrium when the sum of all forces and the sum of all moments acting on the body are zero.
