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Health And Social > Physical Development > Flashcards

Physical Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is growth

A

This is a variable across different parts of the body and is an increase in some measured quantity such as height,weight or other dimensions

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2
Q

What is development

A

Complex changes that follow an orderly sequence including in skills abilities and capabilities

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3
Q

What are the key features of infancy

A

•grow rapidly approximately half the adult height
• around one years old they can walk
• at two years old, they can run

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4
Q

What are the key features of early childhood?

A

•Continue to go out steady pace
• continue develop strength and coordination

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5
Q

What are the key features of adolescence?

A

• growth spurts
• develop sexual characteristics during puberty

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6
Q

What are the key features of early adulthood?

A

Reach the peak of their physical fitness

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7
Q

What are the key features of middle adulthood?

A

•Aging process begins
•Some loss of strength and stamina
•Women go through menopause

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8
Q

What are the key features of later adulthood?

A

• aging process continues
• Loss of mobility
• loss of height

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9
Q

What is principles of growth?

A

During infancy and early childhood,children grow rapidly and this is monitored by health visitor to make sure baby is growing correctly.
This is measured on the centre chart to make sure the child is meeting their milestones

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10
Q

What is principles of development?

A

Development happens:
•From head to toe -an infant first control head then their body and finally legs

•From inside to outside -an infant controls movements in the body first then arms and legs until finally the small muscles in their fingers

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11
Q

What is a milestone?

A

An ability achieved by most children by a certain age for example walking

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12
Q

What is a milestone?

A

An ability achieved by most children by a certain age for example walking

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13
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Large movements that involve using the large muscles in the body for example rolling over

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14
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Smaller movements which require precise direction and involves small muscles for example picking up a pencil between the finger and thumb

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15
Q

What are the four development milestones for infant?

A

Sitting up=6mths
Standing=8-10mths
Cruising =8-10mths
Walking 12-13mths [1yr]

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16
Q

What is a palmer grasp?

A

When an object is placed in an infants hands, the fingers will close and they will grasp it [appears at birth under until five or six months]

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17
Q

What is a pincer grasp?

A

Use the index finger, middle finger and thumb to pick up an object [occurs at 9 to 12 months]

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18
Q

What is a tripod grasp?

A

Uses index finger and middle finger
Around 3-4yrs
Good pencil skills and fastening buttons on clothes

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19
Q

What is puberty?

A

A period of rapid change and growth which young people reach sexual maturity and become biologically able to reproduce and sexual characteristics develop

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20
Q

What does hormones?

A

Chemical substances produced in the body transported into the bloodstream that control and regulate body cells

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21
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

Changes under development of reproductive organs

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22
Q

What is secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Outward/external signs of development

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23
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics of a female?

A

• uterus enlarges
• vagina lengthens
• ovaries release eggs
• menstrual cycle

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24
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics of a female?

A

• Breast develop and areola swell and darkens
• hair grow in armpits and pubic area
• Re distribution of body fat causing hips to widen

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25
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics of a male?

A

• enlargement of penis and testes
• Spontaneous erections in penis
• Testes produce sperm, beginning of ejaculation

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26
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics of a male?

A

• changes in the larynx causing voice to deepen
• hair growing armpits and pubic area facial hair
• redistribution of muscle tissue and fat

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27
Q

What are the main functions of primary and secondary sexual characteristics?

A

• Act as desirable characteristics that a mate me look for
• they signal reproduction

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28
Q

What are the female hormones?

A

• oestrogen and progesterone
• produced in ovaries
• responsible for menstruation and ovulation

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29
Q

What are the male hormones?

A

• testosterone
• produced by the testes
• Similar sperm production
• responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics eg voice deepens

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30
Q

What happens in perimenopause?

A

Oestrogen levels decrease causing ovaries to stop producing an egg each month. This causes physical and emotional symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweat, mood swings, loss of libido and vaginal joiners.

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31
Q

What is maturity?

A

To have fully developed and physically grown (physically intellectually emotionally socially)

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32
Q

What are the physical strength peaks of people in early adulthood stage?

A

• physical strength and stamina at its peak
• sexual characteristics are fully developed
• women are Most fertile and become pregnant and lactate(breastfeed)
• full height is reached
• reaction times quickest

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33
Q

What physical changes happened during pregnancy?

A

• sickness (oestrogen)
• body changes-weight
• Hormone changes -increase in Oestrogen and progesterone
•Mood swings

34
Q

What intellectual changes happened during pregnancy?

A

• more forgetful-changes due to pregnancy

35
Q

What intellectual changes happened during pregnancy?

A

• more forgetful-changes due to pregnancy

36
Q

What are social changes during pregnancy?

A

• interactions with midwife
• less time to socialise
• parenting groups
• loneliness

37
Q

What are social changes during pregnancy?

A

• interactions with midwife
• less time to socialise
• parenting groups
• loneliness

38
Q

What are some emotional changes during pregnancy?

A

• mood swings
• stress
• self image and lower self-esteem
• anxiety/depression

39
Q

When does menopause begin?

A

When per menopause ends-when a woman hasn’t had her monthly period for 12 months

40
Q

When does menopause begin?

A

When per menopause ends-when a woman hasn’t had her monthly period for 12 months

41
Q

What are some perimenopause symptoms?

A

• irregularityy in menstruation due to fluctuating oestrogen leading to eventful cessation to periods
• difficulties becoming pregnant due to irregular ovulation as ovaries begin producing less hormone oestrogen
• that’s where it’s hot flushes due to hormone fluctuation leading to insomnia
• loss of libido/sex drive

42
Q

What is menopause?

A

Occurs between 45 and 55 years of age when the ending of female fertility include the cessation of menstruation and reduction, in production of female sex hormones

43
Q

What are some effects of menopause?

A

• ending of menstruation and large reduction of eggs in the ovaries can lead to irregular menstrual cycle and ovulation will stop
• increase in the production of hormones that try to simulate egg reproduction can cause irritability hot flushes night sweats leading to discomfort disturbed sleep patterns
• vaginal dryness leading to dis comfort during sex in increasing vaginal infections
•Osteoporosis-brittle bones that are easily fractured caused by reduction in sex hormones

44
Q

How does reduction in oestrogen level lead to mood changes depression and anxiety?

A

Women will feel overwhelming sadness as they can no longer have children can also affect women self-esteem as they see themselves as no longer desirable

45
Q

Effects of the aging process on people in middle adulthood

A

• increased weight
• Loss of skin elasticity-wrinkles due to reduction in collagen
• loss of muscle tone, strength and stamina
• grey hair
• hair loss/thinning

46
Q

Effects of aging in late adulthood 65+

A
47
Q

What are the intellectual milestones from 0 to 8 years?

A

From birth-can use all their sentences to help understand the world around them
Three years -ask questions, count recognise colours and sort object objects
five years -starting to read, write, drawing detail can talk about past and future
Eight years-think more deeply talk about abstract ideas and plan

48
Q

What are the stages of language development?

A

Three months-begin bubbling, learn to control muscles associated with speech
12 months -imitate sounds made by carers such as dada (this develops into single words)
Two years -make two words sentences and begin to build a vocabulary
Three years -make simple sentences which developed into the ability to ask questions and the knowledge of words/vocabulary grows rapidly
Four years -use clear sentences and can be expected to make some mistakes with grammar
Five years -speak using full adult grammar vocabulary will continue to go and formal grammar will continue to improve and can effectively use language by this age

49
Q

How can infants language development be promoted?

A
50
Q

How can young children’s language development be promoted?

A
51
Q

How can adolescent language development be promoted?

A
52
Q

Which theorist provided insight into cognitive development?

A

Piaget

53
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The idea that an object still exists, even if the child cannot see it

54
Q

What is abstract logical thinking?

A

The ability to solve problems using imagination without having to be involved practically four year olds cannot use abstract logical thinking cause they are not mature enough

55
Q

What is egocentric thinking?

A

Not being able to see a situation from another person’s point of view.Piaget believes young children assume that other people see here and feel exactly the same as a child does

56
Q

What is concrete logical thinking?

A

The ability to solve problems providing the individual can see or physically handle the issue involved. Seven-year-olds use concrete logical thinking to solve problems eg the amount of water stays the same when poured to different shapes containers

57
Q

What are the four stages of intellectual development that Piaget believed in?

A

Sensory motor (0-2 yrs)
Pre-operational 2-7yrs
Concrete operational 7-11 yrs
Formal operational 11-18 yrs

58
Q

What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?

A

-Interact with the world using their senses
-learn through trial and error
-Object permanent develops at eight months so continue to look for a hidden object as they know it exists

59
Q

What activities could be used to promote sensory motor stage?

A

-getting children play with toys that make noises and squeak
-Playing peekaboo

60
Q

What occurred in the pre-operational stage?

A

-Development of language
-Make believe play
-Don’t understand how to conserve as they can’t understand how numbers mass and volume work
-egocentric thinking-only see the world from their point of view
-Parallel play-play next to other children rather than with them

61
Q

What activities could be used to promote pre-operational stage?

A

-Play dress up our house so they use imagination and makes sense of the world
-Play with toys that change shape so they begin to understand how to conserve

62
Q

What happens in the concrete operational stage?

A

-Develop the ability to conserve
-Less egocentric
-Better understanding of logic and problem solving if they can see or physically handle them however may find it difficult to imagine the solution(concrete logical thinking)

63
Q

What activities can you use to promote concrete operational stage?

A

-Simple experiments to give them a chance to manipulate objects and test ideas
-give concrete apparatus like counters to solve problems
-Read books with limited number of characters
-Group work

64
Q

What occurs in the formal operational stage?

A

-Developed abstract thinking so they are able to think through complicated ideas in their head without having to see a concrete image

65
Q

What activities could you use to promote the formal operational stage?

A

-teach broad concepts like poetry
-Ask them to write short stories on hypothetical topics like living out space

66
Q

What is the theory of conservation?

A

Something appearance might change, but the quantity will stay the same for example having the ability to understand when you move liquid from a wide container to a small thin container it does not affect the volume
Children understand this age 7 to 11 years concrete operational stage

67
Q

What is schema?

A

Is a category of knowledge as well as a process of acquiring knowledge

68
Q

What is Piaget’s development of schemas?

A

A child develops concepts about the world around them(state of equilibrium). As the experience situations where new information is presented, the schemes are upset and reach a stage of dis-equilibrium as the new information is accommodated. The original schemas are modified or change so that the child reaches the state of equilibrium.

69
Q

What are some strength of Piaget’s development of schemas

A

-has influence early education i.e. the existence of discovery play
-Considered nature and nurture
Have stimulated further research without Have stimulated further research without increased knowledge of children’s cognitive development and influence teaching methods with increased knowledge of children’s cognitive development and influenced teaching methods

70
Q

What are some weaknesses of Piaget’s development of schemas?

A

-Base his whole theory on observations on a small number of children source difficulties or children will go through these stages
-bruno disagrees and believes with adult support children can be helped to progress higher level thinking skills
-Reset suggest children take longer than 11 years to become skilled at abstract logical thinking

71
Q

Which theorist believe that the ability to develop language is genetically programmed?

A

Chomsky

72
Q

What did Chomsky believe?

A

All individuals have the ability to understand and use language regardless of other abilities and become fluent in their first language by the age of five or six

73
Q

What did Chomsky state about the language acquisition device?

A

individuals are born with LAD that enables children to to develop and recognise the languages they experience
their ability to understand/develop language evolves naturally just like walking

74
Q

what is the critical period?

A

2.5 years

75
Q

What does Chomsky believe about the critical period?

A

from childhood to adolescence children learn language during this period (if language does not occur after this critical period they will never achieve a full command of language)

76
Q

Chomsky believes children do not need to do what to be able to speak?

A

be trained but need to experience others using language

77
Q

what are strengths of chomsky’s theory?

A
78
Q

effects of aging in adolescence

A

development of logical thought, problem solving, memory recall skills

79
Q

effects of aging on middle adulthood

A

think through problems and make sound judgements using previous life experiences

80
Q

effects of aging on later adulthood

A

changes in the brain causing memory loos and decline, slower thought proccess/reaction times

81
Q

what is emotional literacy?

A

ability to recognise ,understand and appropriately express emotions -forming positive relationships

82
Q

what is attachment

A

strong emotional connection between a child and caregiver

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