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A Level Geography > Physical Case Studys > Flashcards

Physical Case Studys Flashcards

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1
Q

When and where was black Saturday

A

2009, in Victoria, Australia

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2
Q

Why was Victoria vulnerable to wildfires

A

Covered in eucalyptus forest which is oil rich and burns easily
Area often reaches 40c with low humidity
Susceptible to high winds
Power cables access area
Depopulation has led to a decline in services in rural areas
Indian dipole effect

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3
Q

Responses to black Saturday 2009

A
  • new fire hazard warning systems announced in 2009
  • new building regulations
  • debate on wether housing should be banned in high risk areas
  • government under criticism for rebuilding in marysville which had been 90% destroyed
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4
Q

How many died in black Saturday

A

173

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5
Q

How many properties destroyed in black Saturday

A

3500

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6
Q

How many displaced in black Saturday

A

7000

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7
Q

How many hectares burnt in black sat

A

450 000

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8
Q

How many livestock died in black sat

A

12 000

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9
Q

How many animals perished in black sat

A

1 mill +

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10
Q

Total insurance claims in black sat

A

1.2 bill

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11
Q

How high was storm surge in tacloban

A

5 metres

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12
Q

How much of tacloban was destroyed

A

90 %

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13
Q

How many farmers/ fishers lost income in typhoon haiyan

A

3/4

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14
Q

How many died in typhoon haiyan

A

6 200

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15
Q

Where did typhoon haiyan hit

A

Phillipines

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16
Q

How many homeless in typhoon haiyan

A

4.1 mill

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17
Q

How much oil leaked in typhoon haiyan

A

800 000 litres

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18
Q

How many hectares of mangroves contaminated during typhoon Haiyan

A

10 hectares

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19
Q

How many people died due to stampede for rice after typhoon haiyan

A

8

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20
Q

How much did rice prices rise after typhoon haiyan

A

11.9 %

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21
Q

How many people evacuated in typhoon haiyan

A

800 000

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22
Q

Where did people take refuge during typhoon haiyan

A

Stadium - however this flooded and people died

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23
Q

Short term responses to typhoon haiyan

A

Emergency aid supplies arrived after 3 days by plane as airport was closed
Power restored after a week
1 mill food packs distributed after 2 weeks
Curfew introduced to reduce looting
1.5 bill promised in foreign aid

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24
Q

Long term responses to typhoon haiyan

A

Government scheme ‘build back better’
No build zones along some coasts
New storm surge warning. System

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25
Q

When was typhoon haiyan

A

2013

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26
Q

What magnitude was tohoku earthquake and when did it happen ( Japan and Sendai earthquake)

A

2011 and mag 9

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27
Q

Where was epicentre of tohuku earthquake

A

70km of coast of coast

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28
Q

How many people reached with emeregency aid and supplies

A

147 000

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29
Q

Long term responses to tohoku earthquake

A

Toyota and and Sony stopped production there
Railway repairs went rails back in action by September

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30
Q

How many aftershocks in tohoku earthquake

A

1235

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31
Q

How many died in tohoku earthquake

A

22 000 ( including 2500 missing persons )

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32
Q

How many displaced in tohoku

A

300 000

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33
Q

How tall was tsunami in tohoku

A

The plate moving 5-8 m caused a tsunami of up to 40.5 meters and swept 10 km inland

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34
Q

How high was tsunami that reached Chile tohoku

A

2 metres

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35
Q

How many people died in Haiti earthquake

A

222 500

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36
Q

When was Haiti earthquake

A

2010

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37
Q

How many made homeless in Haiti

A

1.5 mill

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38
Q

How many people immediately buried In mass graves in Haiti

A

75000

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39
Q

How many houses damaged/ destroyed in Haiti

A

300 000

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40
Q

How many prisoners escaped in Haiti

A

4000

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41
Q

Secondary impacts of Haiti

A

Cholera
Poor management so poor distribution of aid
Looting
1 in 5 lost their job

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42
Q

Why is Haiti vulnerable to hazards

A

On plate boundary between n America and Caribbean
Buildings designed for hurricanes not earthquakes
Lic
Poor infrastructure

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43
Q

How much co2 absorbed in Amazon

A

2.2 billion tonnes in 1990
Only 1 billion in 2015

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44
Q

How fasts is the Amazon being deforested

A

20 000 km2 per year

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45
Q

How much carbon released via slash and burn technique

A

50 - 60 % released immediately

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46
Q

How much rainfall in Amazon annually

A

2000 mm +

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47
Q

Deforestation on Amazon

A

Flooding as reduced water storage in trees rocks and soil. Fewer trees means less evapotranspiration and precipitation, run off also increases. So reduced cloud formation as reduced humidity

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48
Q

How many live below poverty line in phillipines

A

21.6 %

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49
Q

Pop density in phillipines

A

Average 240/km2 , but in Manila 2000

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50
Q

What does phillipines Red Cross ( PNRCA) have plans to do

A

Training local volunteeers in disaster management
Land use mapping
Initiating mitigation measures
Dissertation of information to whole community
Corporation/ partnerships with government bodies

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51
Q

How much money in phillipines in long term and short term responses

A

70 % long 30 short

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52
Q

Are phillipines reactive or proactive

A

Reactive as the hazards are so frequent and so varied it would be difficult to plan them all as they are not hic

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53
Q

How many hospitals damaged in tohoku

A

300

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54
Q

Heights of tsunami walls after tohoku

A

Went from 12 m to 18 m

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55
Q

When was hurricane Katrina

A

2005

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56
Q

How many died and how many homeless in Katrina

A

1800+ dead, 500 000 listed homeless

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57
Q

How long was drinking water contaminated after Katrina

A

5 months

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58
Q

How many jobs lost after Katrina

A

230 000

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59
Q

How many victims in Katrina were black

A

3/4

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60
Q

How much were damages in Katrina

A

108 billion

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61
Q

How much of Bangladesh is less than 3 m above sea level

A

60%

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62
Q

Natural Challenges in sundarbans

A

Coastal flooding
Cyclones
High salinity in soils
Instability of islands
Remoteness and accessibility

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63
Q

Human challenges in sundarbans

A

Over exploitation of coastal resources
Conversion of wetlands
Destructive fishing techniques
Resource use conflicts

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64
Q

Opportunities of sundarbans

A

Mangroves provide high resilience against storms
High soil fertility
1 hectares of mangrove has annual value of 12 000
30 trees per 0.01 hectares can reduce the force of tsunamis by 90%

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65
Q

How are the sundarbans mitigate

A

Khans land ( governament land that supposed to be protected for use by locals
Wetlands and fisheries
Forests
Investment in local infrastructure ( cyclone shelters, hospitals, flood protection)

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66
Q

When was east coast flooding in uk

A

5 December 2013

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67
Q

How many died in east coast flooding

A

2

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68
Q

How fast were winds in east coast flooding

A

100mph

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69
Q

Preparation for east coast flooding

A

800 000 houses protected
5 1/2 mill homes deemed at risk
Thousands evacuated
Thames barrier closed

70
Q

Impacts of east coast flooding

A

1400 homes flooded
Rats

71
Q

What type of volcanoes was eyjafjallajokul

A

Composite

72
Q

Location of eyjafjallajokul

A

Mid Atlantic ridge in southern Iceland

73
Q

When did eyjafjallajokul erupt

A

2010

74
Q

What did eyjafjallajokul score on VEI

A

3/4

75
Q

How many flights were cancelled as a result of eyjafjallajokul

A

100 000 and 10 mill air passenger affected

76
Q

How many evacuated eyjafjallajokul

A

800

77
Q

What were water supplies contaminated with in eyjaffjallajokul

A

Fluorine

78
Q

Impacts of eyjafjallajokul

A

Initially tourism dropped
But money created threw tourism eg lava centre
Losses at 50 mill

79
Q

Responses to ejafjallajokul

A

People who got money from tourism= positive outlook
Fatalism- no mass outwards migration afterwords
Lots of volcanoes in area so people used to it
Local flood defences constructed
Flights being cancelled
Dredging rivers
Embankment’s also made

80
Q

What type of rainfall do Eden mountains encourage

A

Orographic rainfall. So rainfall higher than national average as a result of the relief

81
Q

Is the Eden basin narrow or wide

A

Narrow and long which increases lag time, less likely of a flashy flood , however as all rivers converge in Carlisle it increases flood risk there

82
Q

How steep are slopes in Eden

A

Steep, reducing lag time and increases peak discharge in the drainage basin

83
Q

What type of rock Is the heights points of river Eden

A

Igneous rock which is impermeable so infiltration is slow reducing lag time and increasing flood risk in Carlisle

84
Q

What is most of river Eden made up of

A

Limestone and sandstone , so infiltration is quick and little surface runoff increasing the lag time

85
Q

Storms in river Eden

A

Desmond 2015, 262mm in 48 hours in village of shap

86
Q

Agriculture on river Eden water cycle

A

More intense farming so compacted soils from livestock and machines, reduces infiltration and increases run off , so flashy floods

87
Q

Increase in cattle in valley of Eden

A

30% 2000-2009

88
Q

Why is New Orleans vulnerable

A

Gulf of Mexico , lake ponchartrain, Mississippi River , water fuels the storm

89
Q

New Orleans history

A

Indigenous people, French , Spain, french until napoleon sold to USA in 1803
2 primary ethnicity’s= french speaking creoles and English- speaking Anglo-Americans competing for power

90
Q

What did scientific American magazine quote New Orleans

A

‘New orleans is a disaster waiting to happen’

91
Q

How far did water reach into New Orleans

A

6-12 miles

92
Q

How many remained in New Orleans before hurricane Katrina

A

150 000 - elderly , disables, poor, fatalistic couldn’t/didn’t want to leave

93
Q

How high was storm surge in Katrina

A

10m

94
Q

How many refugees after Katrina

A

1 million

95
Q

How much of New Orleans was under water during storm

A

80%

96
Q

How many houses flooded in New Orleans

A

110 000 out of 180 000 houses , 55 000 to bad to repair

97
Q

How large was the disaster zone of hurricane Katrina

A

233 000 km2

98
Q

Why was the fact the french quarter was damaged so bad in New Orleans

A

Reduced tourism

99
Q

How many died whilst looting in New Orleans

A

4 shot by police

100
Q

Where was the flood water put and how long did this take in New Orleans

A

Took 43 days to pump water into lake pontchartrain . This was filled of bacteria and sewage so worries of fish populations

101
Q

How much oil leaked in New Orleans

A

26 million litres from 44 facilities

102
Q

How many national wildlife refuges closed after hurricane Katrina

A

16

103
Q

How much forest was destroyed from hurricane Katrina

A

1.3 million acres

104
Q

How much flooding wouldn’t have occurred if levees had held

A

2/3

105
Q

Was hurricane Katrina path accurate

A

Yes very

106
Q

How many national guard personal were dispatched to deal with hurricane Katrina

A

58 000 from 50 states

107
Q

How much in aid for victims of hurricane Katrina

A

62.3 billion authorised by congress

108
Q

What did FEMA provide

A

Housing assistance . To more than 700 000 applicants , but only 1/5 were supplied . Also paid for 12 000 individuals for hotel costs.

109
Q

As of 2010 how many Katrina victims still living in FEMA provided trailers

A

260 families

110
Q

What did Kanye west claim about hurricane Katrina

A

There was racial reason for slow response , given that most people stranded were African American

111
Q

How much did Kuwait pledge for hurricane Katrina

A

500 mill

112
Q

Why did George w bush make hurricane Katrina worse

A

Was on golfing holiday. Allowed photos to be taken of him looking out of plane but this backfired as he was viewed as detched and uncaring
Outsider

113
Q

Why did governor kathleen Blanco make hurricane Katrina response worse

A

Plans weren’t getting to New Orleans , bad job at communicating relief

114
Q

Why did Micheal d brown make hurricane Katrina worse

A

Director of fema . Told CNN he wasn’t aware that evacuees were stranded at convention centre. Shortage in food and water, basically got his job from bush

115
Q

how many of the people displaced in hurricane katrina were poor

A

1/5 likely to be poor according to CRS, and 30% had incomes that were 1 1/2 x below poverty line

116
Q

what % of hurricane katrina victems african american

A

44%

117
Q

how many elderly people and children displaced in hurricane katrina

A

88 000 elderly and 183 000 children

118
Q

how long for 1/4 white and black residents to return to new orleans

A

white - 2 months
black-3 months

119
Q

time taken for half white and black populations to return new orleans

A

white - 3 months
black - fewer than half returned by the time a survey done 14 months later

120
Q

why were black residents less likely to return after hurricane katrina

A

they experienced higher rates of severe housing damage, this is because of ratial segregation , so structural/ systematic racism

121
Q

by 2006 what % of people had returned

A

58%

122
Q

drop in black and white communites after hurricane katrina

A

100 000 less african americans and 11 500 less white residents in city now than in 2000

123
Q

how much has hispanic community risen in new orleans

A

2 % ( or 6000 people)

124
Q

how many in public housing hurricane katrina

A

during katrina 5000 now 1900

125
Q

after hurricane katrina public housing changes

A

replaced old council houses with mixed income developments
goal to deconcentrate poverty met with partial success

126
Q

how long is river eden

A

145km

127
Q

human causes of flooding along river eden

A

farming
deforestation
construction

128
Q

how many new houses built in south carlisle

A

10 000

129
Q

physical causes of flooding on river eden

A

geology
gradient
weather/climate
drainage basin shape

130
Q

geology in river Eden

A

upland areas are mainly igneous
lowland areas sedimentary rocks like sandstone and limestone.

131
Q

gradient of river eden

A

690m to 180m , 30km downstream

132
Q

eden weather

A

2800mm in upland and 800mm at mouth

133
Q

what rivers run into carlsle

A

petteris , caldew , eden

134
Q

how many people died in river eden flood

A

3

135
Q

how many without power in river eden flood

A

70 000

136
Q

how many homes flooded in river eden

A

1600 homes

137
Q

how long did roads and bridges close for in river eden flood

A

2 days

138
Q

how many trees fell in river eden flood

A

1150 from wind

139
Q

how much new embankments were built after river eden flood

A

50km

140
Q

flood managment techniques in river eden

A
  • 350 hectares of peatland to hold water upstream restored
  • dams upstream
  • remove gravil from river bed to increase capacity
  • made 250 water pumps available
141
Q

how many sandbags made available in river eden

A

500 000

142
Q

parica project in rondonia aims to plant how many trees

A

1000km2

143
Q

How many boast destroyed in typhoon haiyan

A

30 000

144
Q

What was the earthquake called an when did it occur in phillipines

A

Luzon 2018 mag 6.1 , killing 5 people and in 1990 killing 1600

145
Q

How fast is holderness coast eroding

A

2 m per year

146
Q

How many miles of land lost and how many towns lost since Roman times

A

3 miles . 23 towns

147
Q

Engineering at Bridlington

A

4.7km long sea wall

148
Q

Engineering at Hornsea

A

Sea wall, groynes, rock armour

149
Q

Engineering at withersea

A

Groynes , seawall, with aims to make beach wider

150
Q

Engineering at mappleton

A

Rock groynes and revetments as main road

151
Q

Engineering at spurn head

A

Groynes and rock armour

152
Q

Why does easington have engineering in place

A

They have revetments and groynes as it has a gas station that provides 20 % nations gas

153
Q

What have groynes at mappleton actually done

A

Increased erosion down coast at Cowden , leading to farms being destroyed

154
Q

Somewhere along holderness coast where outcome is do nothing

A

East Riding as it has small population. Sand caravan park owned by lee Reid . He has lost 50 caravan spots and so is loosing land and money

155
Q

Why is holderness eroding so quick

A

Cliffs are made up of soft boulder clay and strong prevailing winds creating longshore drift

156
Q

After tohoku earthquake how many still in temporary housing after 4 years

A

230 000

157
Q

Total damage costs for tohoku

A

300 billion dollars

158
Q

What percentage of people followed tsunami warnings

A

58%

159
Q

How much did Japanese Red Cross receive in donations

A

1 billion

160
Q

How often do earthquake drills take place now in Japan

A

Every year on September 1st

161
Q

Central Amazon conservation complex

A
  1. Protects area of land that’s 50 000 km2
162
Q

How many acres of reforestation in Peru

A

2016 - 2019 , replanted 100+ acres of trees

163
Q

What percentage of australias forest burn in 2019-2020 wildfires

A

20%

164
Q

How many hectors of forest burned by beggining of march 2020

A

18.6million

165
Q

How many homes killed and how many people died in Australia wildfires in 2019/20

A

5900 buildings (2779 homes ) 34 killed

166
Q

How far did smoke travel in Australia wildfires 2020

A

11 000 km across South Pacific to Chile and Argentina

167
Q

How many tonnes of co2 emitted from Australia 2020

A

306 millions tonnes of co2

168
Q

Earthquake in phillipines

A

2013 bohol mag 7.2 killing 200

169
Q

Pinatubo

A
  1. 850 dead
170
Q

How many disaster has the phillipines experienced over the last 2 decades

A

300

A Level Geography (9 decks)

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