Physical Assessment - Cardiovascular

Question 1

cardiac output (CO

Answer 1

the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute. CO depends on the relationship between heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV); it is the product of these two variables:

Question 2

Heart rate (HR)

Answer 2

refers to the number of times the ventricles contract each minute.

Question 3

Stroke volume (SV)

Answer 3

is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction

Question 4

Preload

Answer 4

refers to the degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole and just before contraction.

Question 5

Afterload

Answer 5

is the pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves and into the peripheral blood vessels.

Question 6

Impedance

Answer 6

the peripheral component of afterload, is the pressure that the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve.

Question 7

Systemic Vascular Resistance

Answer 7

a combination of blood viscosity (thickness) and arteriolar constriction.

Question 8

Myocardial Contractility

Answer 8

affects stroke volume and CO and is the force of cardiac contraction independent of preload.

Question 9

The vascular system serves several purposes

Answer 9

• Provides a route for blood to travel from the heart to nourish the various tissues of the body
  * Carries cellular wastes to the excretory organs
  * Allows lymphatic flow to drain tissue fluid back into the circulation
  * Returns blood to the heart for recirculation

Question 10

Blood Pressure (BP)

Answer 10

Cardiac output × Peripheral vascular resistance

Question 11

Systolic Pressure

Answer 11

is the amount of pressure/force generated by the left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each contraction of the heart

Question 12

Diastolic Pressure

Answer 12

is the amount of pressure/force against the arterial walls during the relaxation phase of the heart.

Question 13

Baroreceptors

Answer 13

n the arch of the aorta and at the origin of the internal carotid arteries are stimulated when the arterial walls are stretched by an increased BP

Question 14

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 14

Several 1- to 2-mm collections of tissue have been identified in the carotid arteries and along the aortic arch

Question 15

Hypercapnia

Answer 15

an increase in partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide [PaCO2]) and acidosis