Physical and Cognitive in PRESCHOOL

Question 1

Obesity

Answer 1

•A body weight more than 20 percent higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height.

Question 2

Myelin

Answer 2

•Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons, which speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along the brain cells and adds brain weight.

Question 3

Lateralization

Answer 3

•The process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other.
•The two halves of the brain become more specialized.

Question 4

Handedness

Answer 4

•The preference of using one hand over the other.

Question 5

Piaget’s Pre-operational stage
(age 2 to age 7)

Answer 5

•Stage in which a child’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.
+seeing moms keys, a child may ask “go to store?” using keys as a symbol for a car ride. start to understand the world around them.
•The ability to use a mental symbol, word, or object to stand for something not physically present.

Question 6

Operations

Answer 6

•Still not capable of operations
•Organized, formal, logical mental processes.

Question 7

Centration

Answer 7

•The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects.
•What you see is what you think.
— Just because a row of buttons is longer, doesn’t mean it has more buttons.
— They think if you put a dog mask on a cat, it should in theory become a dog.

Question 8

Conservation

Answer 8

•The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.
•Learning that appearances are deceiving.
— Most kids this age think the tall skinny glass has more juice than the short wide glass.

Question 9

Transformation

Answer 9

•The process in which one state is changed into another.

Question 10

Egocentric Thought

Answer 10

•Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others.
— Children literally CAN NOT see another persons perspective, that’s why they seem so “arrogant”

Question 11

Intuitive Thought
( 4-7, curiosity blooms)

Answer 11

•Thinking that reflects preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world.
— “little geniuses” they think they know everything about everything, and there is no logical basis for this confidence.
— asks “why” to everything
— they have the final word, mini sheriff

Question 12

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 12

•Memories about one’s own life
—Not very accurate before the age of 3, increases through preschool years.

Question 13

Scripts

Answer 13

•Broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.
— From a few steps, talk to server, food, eat - - -> get in car, being seated, choosing, ordering, waiting, eating, paying.

Question 14

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 14

•Defined as the level at which children can ALMOST, but not fully, perform independently, but can with help.
— Children’s cognitive abilities increase through exposure to information that is new enough to be intriguing, but not so difficult to deal with.
—For cognitive development to occur, new information must be presented by someone more competent WITHIN the ZPD.

Question 15

Scaffolding

Answer 15

•The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.
—Assistance or structuring provided by others.
—Removed once the child can solve the problem on their own.

Question 16

Syntax

Answer 16

•The way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences.
—Sentence length increases steadily.

Question 17

Fast Mapping

Answer 17

•Instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.

Question 18

Grammar

Answer 18

•The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.

Question 19

Private Speech

Answer 19

•Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves.
— Vygotsky suggests it’s used to guide behavior and thought.
—They can try out ideas, acting as a soundboard. Our internal dialogue, just outside until they can regulate their emotions.

Question 20

Pragmatics

Answer 20

•The aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.
—Turn taking, sticking to a topic, what should or shouldn’t be said, when different language should be used, and “thank you’s”

Question 21

Social Speech

Answer 21

•Speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person.
—Often become frustrated when they cannot make themselves understood.