Physical and Cognitive in Late Adulthood Flashcards
Average Life Expectancy
The number of years that an individual born in a particular year can expect go live.
Average Healthy Life Expectancy
The number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live in full health, without disease.
Maximum Life Expectancy
Species specific biological limit to length of life (in years).
Compression of Morbidity
Average period of ill health (suffering) before death.
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
Basic self-care tasks required to live on one’s own, such as bathing, dressing, eating, mobilizing.
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLS):
Tasks necessary to conduct business of daily life. Eg. Shopping, food preparation, house keeping, paying bills.
Visual Impairments (7)
Increased sensitivity to glare Impaired color discrimination Poor dark adaptation Decreased depth perception Lower visual acuity Cataracts Macular degeneration
Tasting in later adult like (4)
Decrease in taste buds
Difficulty recognizing familiar foods
Declines in odor sensitivity
Smells self protective functions diminishes
Why does odor sensitivity decrease 3
- Decrease in Smell Receptors
- Loss of neurons in brain regions that process odors
- Perception distorted: food no longer small and states right
Vision Problems (3)
Loss of self-confidence
Possible problems in daily activities
Changes in leisure activities
Hearing Loss
Social isolation, loneliness
Lower self-efficacy
Lower safety and enjoyment
Decreasedtaste and smell
Dietary deficiencies
Potential safety risks
Less sensitiveto touch
Difficulties with leisure, daily activities depending on fine judgments in texture
Sleeping during this age
Reminas constant
Sleeping times
Changes EArlier up and down
Sleep difficulties
Insomnia
Nighttime waking
Sleep Apnea
Fostering Restful Sleep
Consistent routine
Regular exercise
Using bedroom only for sleep
Skin
Creases and sags Age spots
Nose and ears
Broaden
Subjective and Physical Age
Wanting to be younger: less positive well being
Feeling younger: More favorable well-Being
Effective coping strategies from aging (3)
Prevention and compensation through diet, exercise and activity
Sense of personal control
Problem centered coping
Adapting to physical change
Subjective Vs physical
Coping stratagies
Ass technologies - smart home
Person-Environment Fit
Benefits of exercise (6)
Memory and executive function
Perserves brain adn CNS
Endurance training increases vital capacity
Weight-bearing exercise improves walking, balance, posture
Regular, moderate to vigorous exercise improves cognition
Importance of instilling sense of control
What is linked to relationship satisfaction
Sex
What happens to sex
Decline
Most married couple continue regular enjoyable sex
Factors reducing sex
Erection
Fewer male partners for women
Poor mental and physical health
What is Primary aging
Biological
What is biological (primary aging)
Genetically influenced declines
Affects all members of species
Occurs even when health is good
Secondary Aging
Declines due to hereditary defects and negative environmental influences, e.g., diet, pollution
Effects individualized: major contributor to frailty
Why does Episodic memory challenges rise substantially (5)
- Slower cognitive processing, reduced working memory: retain fewer details
- Poor attention to context
- Recall declines
- Harder to remember source of information
- Explicit memory tasks show greatest decline
Implicit Memory (5)
- Recognition easier than recall
- Supported by environmental cues
- Implicit memory declines far less than explicit memory
- Depends on familiarity, not conscious use of strategies
- Semantic memory declines less than recall of everyday experiences (episodic memory)
Associative Memory Deficit in Late Life (2)
Difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information
Deficits greatly affected by lack of strategy use
What are some Difficulties when creating and retrieving links between
Associations between unrelated items
Sensory declines subtract from working memory
What are helpful stratigies for memory
Provide memory cues
Encourage used of memory strategy of elaboration
Autobiographical memory stronger for both remote and recent events than for
intermediate events
Reminiscence bump for events of
adolescence, early adulthood
Remote memory rules (4)
Evident across cultures
Novel experiences stand out
Culturally shared, important life events
Strengthened through lifetime of recalling, retelling
Prospective memory, rembering to
engage in planned actions in the future
What is easier for memory ( event or time based)
Event
Older adults often generate ___ memory aids to compensate
External
With completed tasks, harder to
deactivate intention; risk of repeating
Prospective memory - Benefit from system of
reminders that regularly scheduled tasks completed
What to u lose in language
Retirveing words from long term ( tip of tounge state
Ability to plan what to say
Compensatory techniques
speak slow
Use more and shorter sentences
What advantage in language
Narrative competence
Elderspeak hinder
Comprehension and conversation
wisdom in universal and cross culturally
Ass with age
the 5 ingredients of age
Knowledge about life’s fundamental concerns
Effective strategies for applying that knowledge
View of people considers multiple demands of their lives
A concern with ultimate human values
Awareness and management of life’s uncertainties
What contributes to wisdom ( not age )
Experiences
Personal motivations
What are types of life experiences ass with wisdom
Training and practice
Leadership position
History of overcoming adversity
Ex. of personal motivation contributions fo wisdom
Continued desire for personal growth
Sense of autonomy and purpose
Generativity
Factors Related to Cognitive Change
- Modest genetic contribution
- Mentally active life: education, stimulating -leisure, community participation, flexibility
- Health status
- Rising instability of performance thatincreases in the seventies
- Terminal decline
Terminal Decline in cognitive change
Accelerated deterioration of functioning prior to death
Selective
Choose personally valued activities, avoid others
Optimize
Maximize returns from diminishing energy
Maximize returns from diminishing energy
Find new ways to offset losses
