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Geography > Physical > Flashcards

Physical Flashcards

1
Q

Igneous formation and an example

A

Formed from magma, Granite

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2
Q

Sedimentary formation and an examples

A

Formed from compressed sediment: chalk, clay, limestone

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3
Q

Metamorphic formation and examples

A

Igneous or sedimentary changes under high heat and pressure: Slate, schists

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4
Q

Chalk properties, where is it found?

A

Strong, permeable,

Found in lowland Britain

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5
Q

Clay properties and where is it found?

A

Weak and impermeable

Found throughout Britain

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6
Q

What geology is found in Highland Britain

A

Igneous and Metamorphic

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7
Q

What geology is found in lowland Britain

A

Sedimentary

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8
Q

What divides lowland Britain from highland Britain

A

Tees-exe Line

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9
Q

Granite Properties

A

Hard, resistant to erosion, impermeable, susceptible to chemical weathering,

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10
Q

Metamorphic properties.

A

Very strong and very resistant erosion and weathering

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11
Q

Granite landscapes are?

A

Poorly drained and boggy

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12
Q

Clay landscapes are?

A

Flat plains with lots of lakes and rivers

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13
Q

How can Agriculture affect UK landscapes?

A

Trees removed, drainage ditches

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14
Q

How can Forestry affect the UK landscape?

A

Trees planted in straight rows for management,

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15
Q

How have settlements affected the UK landscape?

A

Settlements build at meander loops, natural harbours, shallow points in rivers and by springs

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16
Q

Characteristics of a soft rock (eg.Clay)

A

Easily eroded by the sea, cliffs are less rugged and less steep, forms bays.

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17
Q

Characteristics of hard rocks (eg. Granite)

A

Resistant to erosion, steep cliffs, wave cut platforms, caves and arches and stacks are formed.

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18
Q

Concordant coasts

A

Same rock types are parallel to the sea,

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19
Q

Discordant coasts, and what they form

A

Discordant coastlines are perpendicular to the sea.

Headlands and bays are formed

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20
Q

What can make a rock more susceptible to erosion?

A

Joints and faults.

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21
Q

How are arches formed?

A

2 caves eroded either side of the headland meet.

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22
Q

How are caves formed?

A

Weaknesses such as joints and faults are eroded

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23
Q

How are stacks formed?

A

When an arch collapses

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24
Q

How are stumps formed

A

When a stack is eroded.

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25
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Force of the water hitting the coast, compresses air in faults and joints forcing them apart weakening the rock

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26
Q

Abrasion

A

Waves throw pebbles at coast during a storm.

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27
Q

Attrition

A

Pebbles and rocks rub against each other and become smaller and rounder

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28
Q

Solution

A

Chemical action by seawater on some rocks.

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29
Q

Freeze-thaw weathering in winter

A

Water expands in faults and joints forcing the rock apart.

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30
Q

Destructive wave

A

Swash (towards) is weak but the backwash (away) is strong. This drags material into the sea.

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31
Q

Prevailing wind

A

South westerly,

brings warms and moist air from the Atlantic and frequent rainfall.

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32
Q

Storm frequency and coastal erosion

A

Makes coasts subject to strong winds and heavy rainfall, encouraging mass movements

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33
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Freeze-thaw

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34
Q

Biological weathering

A

Plants and animals encourage mechanical and chemical weathering, eg. Tree roots widen gaps in rocks.

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35
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Limestone is dissolved by carbonation. Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere combines with rainwater creating Carbonic Acid.

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36
Q

Mass movement

A

Downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity. Eg. slumps

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37
Q

What does coastal erosion result in

A

Coastal retreat.

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38
Q

Longshore drift

A

Waves approach at an angle. Swash (Towards) pushes sand and gravel up the beach. Backwash brings it back down perpendicular to the sea. It moves down the beach in a zig-zag fashion.

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39
Q

Types of transportation

A

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution.

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40
Q

Traction

A

Large boulders are rolled along bed by waves

41
Q

Saltation

A

Smaller stones are bounced along bed

42
Q

Suspension

A

Sand and small particles are along in the flow.

43
Q

Solution.

A

Minerals dissolved in seawater and carried along in flow.

44
Q

Constructive wave

A

Strong swash (towards) weak backwash (away). Load is deposited. (Deposition). Caused by sheltered spots (bays), calm conditions, friction by gentle gradient.

45
Q

Spits

A

When longshore drift pushes into bay or an estuary when the coast changes direction

46
Q

Bars

A

Bars caused by longshore drift, grow across a bay cutting off water to form a lagoon.

47
Q

Development impact on coasts

A

Positive ✅ -Raises interest in protecting coastal landscapes

Negative ❌ -Weight of buildings increase cliff vulnerability
❌ -Changes in drainage increase saturation

48
Q

Industry impact on coasts

A

Positive ✅ -Brings wealth and jobs to the area

Negative ❌ -Causes air, soil, water and noise pollution to increase
❌ -Destroy natural habitats for birds, animals and sea life.

49
Q

Agriculture impact on coasts

A

Positive ✅ - Wildlife habitats may be created and preserved.

Negative ❌ - Increased soil erosion
❌ - Increased sedimentation

50
Q

Coastal management impacts on coasts

A

Positive ✅ -Helps reduce risk of coastal flooding
✅ -Salt marshes, sand dunes, sand bars, spits are preserved

Negative ❌ -Can increase erosion further along the coastline

51
Q

Tourism

A

Positive
✅ -Increased revenue benefits people living there
✅ -Increased desire to protect landscape in order to maintain tourism

Negative ❌ - Increased pollution (litter, noise, traffic fumes)
❌ - Increased development (see development impacts card)

52
Q

Climate change impact on coastal flooding

A

⬆️ Increased storm frequency which increases height and power of waves, Heavy rainfall

⬆️Increased global temperature causes water to expand, and it melts ice: increasing the volume of the water

53
Q

Impact of Climate change on coastal environment:

A

Erosion may increase, beaches disappear

Depositional features (spits and bars) may be submerged or destroyed.

Natural eco-systems (Essex marshes) and habitats may be destroyed.

Increased coastal retreat and risk of cliff collapse.

54
Q

How are wave-cut platforms formed?

A

The water erodes the base of a cliff, the cliff becomes undercut and collapses.

55
Q

How are sandy beaches formed

A

Gentle sloping profiles

56
Q

How are shingle beaches formed

A

Steeper gradient

57
Q

Where is smaller sediment deposited on the beach

A

By the water

58
Q

Where is larger sediment deposited

A

Far from water

59
Q

What is a tombolo

A

Where LSD connects land and an island

60
Q

Dry valley and how they form

A

Permeable rocks drain away water, leaves a dry valley

61
Q

What area of the UK is most exposed to destructive waves.

A

The South-West coast, because prevailing wind from the Atlantic Ocean

62
Q

How are storm surges formed

A

Low pressure causes water to bulge, wind pushes it towards coast.

63
Q

Which places in the UK are most vulnerable to sea level rise and
storm surges.

A

East coast funnels storm surges.

64
Q

How does isostatic change (post-glacial rebound) contribute to flooding.

A

The south is descending due to the north losing the weight.

65
Q

Hard engineering

A

Expensive, short-term options, large impact on environment, un-sustainable

66
Q

Soft engineering

A

less expensive, long-term and sustainable, less impact on the environment.

67
Q

3 options to shoreline management

A

Do nothing, Hold the line, strategic re-alignmrnt

68
Q

Strategic re-alignment

A

Allow the shoreline to retreat. Until a point where you hold a new line.

69
Q

Why are there conflicting views about management of coastlines.

A

Property may be lost if nothing is done, Holding the line is expensive, strategic re-alignment may be unpopular

70
Q

What is CBA, how is it calculated

A

Cost-benefit-analysis,

Value of land protected /Cost of defence over x years

71
Q

How are floodplains formed.

A

Lower course meanders widening the valley making it flatter. Deposition of sediment every flood .

72
Q

Source

A

The origin of a river

73
Q

Mouth

A

Where the river meets the sea

74
Q

Tributary

A

River or stream flowing into a larger river

75
Q

Watershed

A

The boundary of the drainage basin

76
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area of land where water is drained into a river

77
Q

Confluence

A

The point where 2 rivers join

78
Q

Upper course:

Gradient, discharge, depth, Chanel shape, velocity, valley shape, features.

A

Steep, small, shallow, narrow, quite fast, steep sides, waterfalls, interlocking Spurs

79
Q

Middle course:

Gradient, discharge, depth, Chanel shape, velocity, valley shape, features.

A

Less steep, large, deeper, flat, fast, steep sides, meanders, floodplain

80
Q

Lower course:

Gradient, discharge, depth, Chanel shape, velocity, valley shape, features.

A

Shallow gradient, very large, deep, flat floor, very fast, gently sloping sides, meanders, ox-bow lakes.

81
Q

Interlocking Spurs

A

Upper course, flows naturally side to side due to limited energy

82
Q

Levées

A

When a river floods sediment is deposited by the side of the river. This forms steep levées

83
Q

Deltas

A

River velocity rapidly decreases as it approaches the sea, depositing its sediment, creating new area of land, it divides the river into many streams.

84
Q

How is erosion rate changed

A

Increased discharge and velocity,

85
Q

How is transportation rate affected

A

Increased energy of water

86
Q

How is weathering affected

A

Temperature can cause free-thaw weathering

87
Q

How is discharge affected

A

Climate, Wet climates = greater

88
Q

What is discharge measured in

A

M^3/s

89
Q

What 2 things do storm hydrographs present?

A

Discharge, rainfall

90
Q

How do you calculate lag time

A

Time difference between peak rain and discharge

91
Q

What is rainfall measured in

A

Millimetres (mm)

92
Q

How does lag time affect risk of flooding

A

The less the lag time the more likely floods

93
Q

What factors affect lag time

A

Geology, soil type, vegetation, slope, drainage basin shape, antecedent conditions(saturated ground)

94
Q

Human activities contributing to flooding

A

Urbanisation, land-use change, deforestation, building on floodplains

95
Q

Climate change and flood risk

A

Increased storm frequency- increased rainfall
Increased hot and dry periods-baked soil causes surface run off
Increased frozen period- frozen soil causes surface run off.

96
Q

Threats of flooding to people and environment

A

Damage to property, death/injury to people/animals, farmland damaged causing crops to fail causing food supply issues, affects sanitation spreading diseases suck as collera

97
Q

Hard engineering fo flood risk

A

Levées, flood walls, dams/reservoirs, flood barriers

98
Q

Soft engineering for flood risk

A

River restoration, washlands, floodplain retention, planting trees

Geography (3 decks)

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