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Geography - Unit 2 > Physical > Flashcards

Physical Flashcards

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1
Q

What did GIS show about Corniche Beach?

A

First phase of beach was constructed in 2007 and the second phase in 2009; the beach is therefore completely man-made.
Used Google Maps and turned back the clock.

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2
Q

What was the rental value of Corniche Beach compared to Saadiyat Beach?

A

3-Bed apartment (Sea View) (1,700 sqft) - 205,000 AED
3-Bed apartment (Sea View) (1,700 sqft) - 250,000 AED
Propertyfinder.ae

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3
Q

How is Corniche Beach currently defended?

A

Lu-Lu Island, a built-up Island that acts as a breakwater to shelter Corniche Beach and make a lagoon. The sea-face of Lu-Lu Island is covered in riprap.
(GIS)

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4
Q

Sadiyaat Beach environmental importance?

A

Supports remnant coastal dune vegetation. Saadiyat Dune Protection Zone (60 meters wide) - raised walkway to beach. TDIC awarded the Blue Flag for Saadiyat Beach in 2013 (voluntary eco-label).

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5
Q

Longshore Drift primary results

A

Time taken in 20 meter distance
Corniche - 0.04 m/s
Saadiyat - 0.14 m/s

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6
Q

Wave type primary results results

A 
Measured height and wavelength
Slope:
Corniche - 8.4
Saadiyat - 13.9
Wave energy (J/m)
Corniche - 11
Saadiyat - 555
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7
Q

Primary techniques used?

A 
LSD measurements
Wave Type measurements
Grain Size Comparator
Infiltration Capacity Results
Inhabitants estimate
Questionnaire
Conflict Matrix
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8
Q

Infiltration Capacity primary results

A

Taken at upper, middle and lower beach
Corniche - 160
Saadiyat - 222

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9
Q

Questionnaire Results

A

Plotted Radar diagram
Saadiyat - social reasons (Leisure and exercise)
Corniche - Economic reasons (Business)

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10
Q

Why are coastlines varied?

A

Geology - affects rate of erosion, what landform will be formed and the steepness of the coast
Topography - The height of the beach will determine if a cliff face or beach will be formed
Climate - Stormy, wet conditions will accelerate the erosion
Ecosystems - Plant life will create biological weathering (Marram grows on sand dunes and protects the coast, is a xerophyte and halophyte)

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11
Q

What are the human reasons for living by the coast?

A

Trade (Shanghai)
Water for industry (Port Talbot)
Attraction of warmer climate (East Devon)

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12
Q

What are the physical reasons for living by the coast?

A

Raw materials, oil, pearls (Abu Dhabi)

Flatter land, good for agriculture (East China)

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13
Q

What is coastalistation?

A

The movement of people to the coast

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14
Q

Coastalisation in Australia

A

60% live on coast - all five major cities
Young people leaving inland farming jobs for service jobs in the cities due to recent droughts
House prices cheaper in smaller coastal towns
Coastal towns offer outdoors lifestyle

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15
Q

Coastalisation in Spain

A

Due to retired migrants

2005, 22% of people on Spanish coast were over 65

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16
Q

Coastalistaion in Florida

A

75% of people live on the coast
Coastal land estimated to be $1.9 trillion
Florida everglades shrunk by 80%

17
Q

Case Study: Bournemouth

A

1851 - pop 695, 2001 - pop 163,600
Not natural increase - lower birth rate than death rate
Climate - On Dorset Coast, second sunniest coast in UK
High envrionmental quality - attractive, only few miles from UK’s first World Heritage Coast
Accessibility - two hours by train to London, expanded Bournemouth airport 1990s
Started as place for wealthy to walk through palm trees
1870s - train line started tourism
1880 - Pier Opens
1960 - British tourism in decline as cheap air travel becomes available
1980’s railway improvements - 2 hours to London - footloose industry - Conference Centre - commuter settlement
University supplies skilled graduates - attracts businesses
JP Morgan Chase (4000 employees)
Cheaper house prices to London attracts retired downsizes

18
Q

Future of Bournemouth

A

Bournemouth now squeezed between the coast and the rural areas and green-belt. Bournemouth Council aims to have 99% residential development on brownfield sites, including 12,000 new homes. Old hotels on coast also converted to student flats.

19
Q

Conflict on Dorset Coast

A

Tourism - 30% of population employed - Kimmeridge Bay popular for fossil hunting
Studland Bay - 1.5 million people visit each year - some of the best sand dunes - SSSI - rare species - Ladybird Spider

20
Q

Boscombe Reef

A

Due for completion in 2008 - entire redevelopment of area - £1.4 million - bring in £10 million a year

21
Q

Why is Southampton Water good for industry?

A

Wide and deep river for large containers, wider opening than Portsmouth and Poole. Protected harbour by the Isle of Wight. Surrounding areas are wide and flat for development.

22
Q

Fowler oil refinery

A 
3000 jobs, 2000 ships a day
50,000 trees and shrubs planted
Reduced the SSSI salt marsh
Effluent is 30 degrees and affecting ecosystem - Hard Clams reproducing faster and consuming more algae
Metal pollution (lead and mercury)
23
Q

Oil spill in Southampton Water

A

1989 spilt 20 tonnes - 800 birds affected

24
Q

Sewage in Southampton Water

A

300 million litres of treated sewage - eutrophication - water becomes anoxic

25
Q

Metal pollution in Southampton Water

A

TBT used on underside of ships to stop barnacles sticking - Dogwelk now extinct in Southampton Water

26
Q

Conflict on Southampton Water

A

Container port in Dibden Bay - 2.1 km long
(+) 3000 jobs directly, new access road to A326, Southampton could compete with larger container ports, Britain would have better access, dredging of water could allow larger cruise ships
(-) Dibden Bay is a SSSI, salt marsh ecosystem supports 50,000 migrating birds (Plover), increased congestion and pollution, negative affect on New Forest National Park, would cost £700 million

27
Q

Why is Holderness Coast so rapidly eroded?

A

Moderate fetch across North Sea (800km at some points)
Soft geology - Boulder Clay
Current from Atlantic move into the North Sea increasing its swell - more powerful destructive waves
Low pressure makes strong winds - powerful waves
Enclosed sea - causes huge waves in storms
Sea floor is deep - waves not slowed by friction

28
Q

How is the cliff foot eroded?

A

Abrasion - Broken pebbles and sand sediment is hurled at the foot of the cliff
Hydraulic action - advancing waves trap air in cracks, when the wave retreats the air explodes, increasing the size of cracks
Corrosion - weak acid in salt water breaks down alkali cliffs

29
Q

How is the cliff face eroded?

A

Physical weathering - freeze thaw
Biological weathering
Chemical weathering - acid rain breaks down alkali cliffs
Mass movement - slumping - wet cliff is heavier and slides down the slope to the foot where it is washed away

30
Q

Hard engineering in Holderness

A

Hornsea - Wooden Groynes - previous to this 14 homes were lost - stopped sediment reaching Mappleton down drift
Mappleton - pop 249 - Main road was close to sea - cost benefit - built rock groynes of Norwegian Granite - cost £2 million in 1991 - Sea defences ensured beach for 50 years - people could get mortgages - caused sediment starvation to town of Cowden - increased erosion rate from 2.5 to 2.8 meters per year from 1991 to 2007.
Easington - revetments to defend Gas terminal - 25% of UK’s gas passes through

31
Q

Soft engineering in Holderness

A

Beach nourishment at Hornsea - creates wider beach - increases sediment to areas downdrift
Managed retreat - coastal zoning - Spurn Head ‘roll back plan’ for Caravan parks and local residents - Yorkshire Council allowing reduced planning permission and helping with the costs of relocation

32
Q

What is integrated coastal management?

A

Mixture of engineering techniques, e.g. Humber Estuary, to decide what is best for the entire area.

33
Q

What is isostatic rebound?

A

The raising of Scotland and sinking of South East England due to the melting of previous ice caps in Scotland during the last ice age.

34
Q

What is eustatic sea level rise?

A

Sea level rise everywhere, the sea level is actually rising due to global warming and thermal expansion

35
Q

GIS tool of flooding?

A

Environment agency allows u to layer a map to show flood prone areas.

36
Q

New Thames Barrier?

A

Caused by increased flood events, will cost £1 billion caused by new development on Thames Estuary due to housing crisis, Thames gateway and sea level rise

37
Q

How to attract development?

A

Planning permission made easier, cheaper and support it
Develop the entire area
Increase communications and update infrastructure
Development loans

38
Q

The Thames Gateway Development Project

A

Built on reclaimed land - 12,000 jobs - cost £1.5 billion but was privately funded -Cross-rail integrated transport - Largest logistic park -increased runoff, decrease infiltration, increase erosion - 2.7km long, can accommodate Triple-E ships (80,000 containers) - brings ships closer to London - Coastal squeeze

39
Q

Whats happening at Abbots Hall Farm?

A

Sea walls breached at 5 locations so that Salt Marsh can be re-formed and will migrate close to the coast.

Geography - Unit 2 (2 decks)

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