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ANAT2011 - Principles of Histology > PHYSI > Flashcards

PHYSI Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Protein: Globulins

A

Clotting, antibodies

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2
Q

Plasma Protein: Albumins

A

Coloid osmotic pressure

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3
Q

Plasma Protein: Fibrogen

A

Forms fibrin -> blood clotting

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4
Q

Plasma Protein: Transferrin

A

Iron transport

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5
Q

Tron from diet

A

Absorbed -> bind to transferrin in the blood plasma -> transport to the bone marrow -> RBC production.

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6
Q

Iron storage

A

Liver -> stored as ferritin

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7
Q

RBC destruction

A

Spleen

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8
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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9
Q

Basophils

A

Large blue granules

Release histamine and heparin -> inflammation

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A

Pink staining granules
Allergic reaction + parasitic disease
Cytotoxic cell type -> release granules which attach to cell and damage/kill

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

Multi-lobed nucleus
Phagocytic -> ingest bacteria
Release cytokines

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12
Q

Monocytes

A

Circulate in blood -> enter tissue and mature into macrophages

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

A 
B cells (antibodies)
T cells ( cytotoxic cells)
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
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14
Q

Sry genes

A

Cause development of sertoli and leydig cells

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15
Q

Sertoli cells

A

secrete anti-malariant hormone -> block female development

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16
Q

Leydig cells

A

Produce testosterone

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17
Q

Male Reproductive Tract

A

Testis -> deposit material into the epididymis -> corder = section of epididymis where sperm is stored -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory ducts -> urethra -> glans penis

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18
Q

The testes

A

Seminiferous tubules = formation of sperm

Extra tubular stroma = contain leydig cells -> testosterone production.

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19
Q

GnRH

A

Released by hypothalamus -> stimulates gonatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary -> FSH and LH release

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20
Q

FSH

A

Targets sertoli cells -> maintain spermatogenesis

Release inhibin -> -ve feedback to anterior pituitary

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21
Q

LH

A

Stimulate Leydig cells -> testosterone production

Testosterone = -ve feedback to inhibit GnRH and LH release

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22
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm in testes not mature -> develop maturity in the epididymis
Caput -> corpus -> cauda

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23
Q

2 cell 2 gonadotrophin hypothesis

A

Thecal cells: stimulated by LH -> produce androgens

Granulosa cells: stimulated by FSH -> produce oestrogens.

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24
Q

FSH

A

Stimulates follicles to grow

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25
Q

Ovulation

A 
Oestrogen dominates the first stage of the menstral cycle and progesterone dominates the second. 
Mid point (approaching ovulation) -> oestrogen levels increase -> -ve feedback switches to +ve feedback -> GnRH release -> LH surge -> ovulation
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26
Q

Oral Contraceptive Pill

A

High progesterone + oestrogen levels
Do not get ovulation -> LH surge stopped
Reduce FSH -> follicles stopped from developing

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27
Q

Puberty

A

GABA release -> suppress GnRH receptors -> loss of GABA system during adolescence.

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28
Q

Menopause

A

Increased gonadotrophins

Loss of LH and FSH

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29
Q

Fast block - egg fertilization

A

Na influx -> changes membrane potential (depolarisation)

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30
Q

Slow block - egg fertilization

A

Intracellular release of Ca -> rigid membrane and removes proteins which sperm binds to
Re-initiates meiosis

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31
Q

Early Pregnancy

A

HCG produced -> stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and oestrogen -> supresses GnRH, LH and FSH -> dont want another egg being released.

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32
Q

Mid/late pregnancy

A

Corpus leuteum produces oestrogen and progesterone for 7-10 weeks and then placenta then starts to secrete its own. -> reduction of HCG
Progesterone: blocks contraction
Oestrogen: stimulates mammary gland development.

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33
Q

Parturition

A

Placenta -> produce CRH -> induce contractions and primes prostaglandins (further contractions)
Oxytocin released by posterior pituitary

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34
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract Control

A

By the enteric nervous system which is a part of the autonomic nervous system.

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35
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation

A

From the CNS

  1. From medulla and runs into the vagus nerves
  2. From sacral spinal cord and runs into the pelvic nerves
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36
Q

Sympathetic Innervation

A

Arise in the spinal cord

Form synapses in superior cervical postganglionic cells projecting into the gut.

37
Q

Long Reflexes

A

Integrated into the CNS -> originate in the gastrointestinal tract or enteric nervous system.

38
Q

Short Reflexes

A

Originate in the enteric nervous system and are carried out entirely within the wall of the gut.

39
Q

Blood leaves the heart via

A

the abdominal aorta

40
Q

Blood leaves the gastrointestinal tract via

A

the hepatic portal vein

41
Q

Saliva Gland - parotid

A

Serous secretion

42
Q

Saliva Gland - Submandibibular

A

Mainly serous with some mucosal

43
Q

Saliva Gland - Sublingual

A

Mainly mucous

44
Q

Saliva Ducts

A

Impermeable to water
Na and Cl absorbed
K and HCO3 secreted

45
Q

Preparatory phase of swallowing

A

Bolus formed and lubricated during cewing

46
Q

Oral phase of swallowing

A

Bolus propelled into the pharynx by the tongue

47
Q

Pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Peristaltic wave begins
Soft palate elevates and seals the nasopharynx
Epiglottis tilts downwards

48
Q

Esophageal phase of swallowing

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter closes
Lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes
Peristalsis propelles bolus into the stomach

49
Q

HCL

A

Activate pepsinogens

50
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

Absorption of dietary vitamin D

51
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Active when exposed to gastric juices

Inactive in the duodenum

52
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete acid

53
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

54
Q

G Cells

A

Secrete gastrin -> act on ECl cells and parietal cell.
ECL releases histamine
Increase acid secretion by the parietal cell

55
Q

Cephalic Phase of Acid Secretion

A

thought, sight, smell, taste, chewing of food

30%

56
Q

Gastric Phase of Acid Secretion

A

Distension of the stomach, prescence of AA and peptides

60%

57
Q

Intestinal Phase

A

10%
Chyme moves into the dudeum
Detection of protein = increase secretion by chief and parietal cells
Detection of fat + acid = -ve feedback to decrease secretion by chief and parietal cells

58
Q

Point where live, gall bladder and pancrease enter the duodenum

A

Spincter of Oddi

59
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes and neutralises acid.

60
Q

Acid in duodenal lumen

A

S cells detect acid -> release secretin -> act on duct cells in the pancreas -> release bicarbonate

61
Q

Fat in the duodenal lumen

A

I cells detect fat -> secrete CCK -> act on acinar cells in the pancreas -> release digestive enzymes

62
Q

Bile Secretion

A

Fat detected by I cells -> release CCK -> cause relaxation of sphincter of oddi -> gall bladder contracts -> bile ejected into the bile duct

63
Q

Osmolality

64
Q

Osmolarity

65
Q

Cortical Nephrons

A

Most of structure in cortex and a short loop of henle

66
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A

Located next to medulla and cortex boarder

Long loop of Henle

67
Q

Podocytes

A

Cells which make up Bowman’s capsule

68
Q

Filtration Slits

A

Spaced between podocytes

69
Q

Fenestration

A

Holes between endothelial cells in glomerular capillary

70
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary

A

Drives filtration

71
Q

Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule

A

Acts against filtration

72
Q

Colloid Osmotic pressure in glomerular capillary

A

Acts against filtration

73
Q

Colloid Osmotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule

A

Close to 0

Proteins mostly -ve charge and fail to cross the membrane

74
Q

Intrinsic Regulation of GFR

A

Myogenic regulation and tubuloglomerula regulation

75
Q

Myogenic regulation

A

Increase in BP = stretch of afferent arteriole -> detected my muscle cells -> release of Ca -> vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole -> decrease in GFR

76
Q

Tubuloglomerula regulation

A

Tuble goes through arterioles -> detects the amount of Cl inside the cells
If there is an increase in Cl adenosine is released with causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole -> decrease in GFR

77
Q

Increase solutes in thick ascending limb

A

Detected by macula densa cells -> secretion of adenosine -> constriction of afferent arteriole -> decrease GFR

78
Q

Decrease solutes in thick ascending limb

A

Nitric oxide secretion -> dilation of afferent arteriole -> increase GFR

79
Q

Extrinsic Regulation of GFR

A

Neural Regulation, adrenalin, renin/argiotension/aldosterone

80
Q

Neural Regulation of GFR

A

Baroreceptors detect decrease in BP -> sympathetic nerves case vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole -> decrease in GFR -> more absorption -> increase in BP.

81
Q

Adrenalin regulation of GFR

A

Act on adrenergic receptors on afferent arteriole -> vasoconstriction -> decrease urine output during time of stress

82
Q

Renin/argiotension/aldosterone regulation of GFR

A

Low BP -> renin secreted -> angiotension I -> angiotension II -> vasoconstrictor -> decrease in GFR

83
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

AA and glucose reabsorbed
Amount of water reabsorbed = amount of solutes reabsorbed -> no net change in the osmolality of the filtrate.
Sodium co-transporters transport glucose and AA into the cell.

84
Q

Descending Loop of Henle

A

Not permeable to solutes -> only water reabsorbed

Increase in osmolality

85
Q

Thick Ascending Loop of Henle

A

Impermeable to water
Re-absorption of solutes
Na-K-Cl co-transporter
Build up of -ve charge allows +ve solutes to move through the tight junctions between cells.

86
Q

Early Distal Tubule

A

Impermeable to water
Re-absorption of solutes
Na-Cl co transporter

87
Q

Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct

A

Reabsorption of Na and water and secretion of K
Principle and intercalated cells
Low BP and high K causes release of aldosterone -> more pumps produced

88
Q

Water Permeability of the LDT and CD

A

Increase in blood osmolality -> osmos receptors -> ADH secretion -> binds to cell -> adenylate cyclase -> cAMP -> PKA -> more aquaporins in membrane -> more water absorbed. k

ANAT2011 - Principles of Histology (4 decks)

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