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Physiological Systems > Phys Sys Exam 4 > Flashcards

Phys Sys Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

get energy entirely from nonliving sources

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3
Q

autotrophs make ____ from _____

A

organic molecules, CO2

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4
Q

a molecule is organic if it has

A

carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

consumers

A

eat other organisms (living)

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6
Q

heterotrophs depend on ____ for food and O2

A

autotrophs

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7
Q

decomposers

A

break down and absorb energy from nonliving remains or wastes of other organisms

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8
Q

photoautotrophs

A

make energy through sunlight

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9
Q

Photosynthesis requires ____ to catalyze

A

enzymes

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9
Q

CO2 and O2 enters/exits the leaf through the _____

A

stomata

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10
Q

chloroplasts are found in _____ cells

A

mesophyll

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11
Q

the fluid in chloroplasts is called the

A

stroma

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12
Q

membrane sacs suspended in the stroma

A

thylakoids

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13
Q

stacks of thylakoids

A

grana

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14
Q

light dependent reactions occur in the

A

thylakoid membranes

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14
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6 CO2+6 H2O+ light»>C6H12O6+ 6 O2

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14
Q

green pigment found in thylakoid membrane

A

chlorophyll

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15
Q

light independent reactions occur in the

A

stroma

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16
Q

light independent reactions are also called the

A

calvin cycle

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17
Q

in the light reactions when H2O splits, it contributes ____

A

Electrons and protons, H+

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18
Q

where does O2 go in the light reactions

A

waste product (out stomata)

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19
Q

what is it called when ADP is converted to ATP

A

photophosphorylation

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20
Q

what is it called when CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule

A

carbon fixation

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21
Q

What does NADPH provide in the calvin cycle

A

electrons

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

what does the calvin cycle use from the light dependent reactions

A

ATP and NADPH

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24
Q

energy of light is transferred to proteins by the ____

A

chlorophyll

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25
Q

The photosystems are embedded in the ______

A

thylakoid membrane

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26
Q

PSII and PSI are connected by the ___

A

electron transport chain

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27
Q

what do the photosystems do

A

forms proton gradient for chemiosmosis and ATP production

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28
Q

in the calvin cycle, carbon enters the cycle as

A

CO2

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29
Q

what is the sugar that leaves the calvin cycle

A

G3P

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30
Q

3 ____ molecules are fixed to make G3P

A

CO2

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31
Q

3 stages of calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration

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32
Q

how many ATP are required in the regeneration portion of calvin cycle

A

3

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33
Q

the sugar made from photosynthesis is stored as starch in

A

chloroplasts, roots, seeds, tubers, fruits

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34
Q

about half of the sugar made from photosynthesis is used in the plant for ____

A

cell respiration

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35
Q

plants undergo what type of growth

A

vegetative

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36
Q

____ grow flowers to function in reproduction

A

angiosperms

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37
Q

Organ

A

several tissue types
working together to carry
out a function

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38
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells (of one or
more cell type) grouped
together for a specialized
function

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39
Q

the shoot system includes the

A

stems, leaves, and flowers

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40
Q

the root system and shoot system are connected by ____ tissue

A

vascular

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41
Q

functions of roots

A

anchoring plant, absorbing minerals and water, storing carbohydrates

42
Q

large, hard plants with large shoot masses have a ____ system

A

taproot

43
Q

the taproot’s main function is

A

to anchor the plant

44
Q

the lateral roots main functions are

A

to absorb water and minerals

45
Q

root hairs are extensions of _____ cells

A

epidermal

46
Q

node

A

point of leaf attachment

47
Q

internodes

A

stem segments between nodes

48
Q

apical bud

A

also called terminal bud, elongates the shoot at the tip

49
Q

axillary bud

A

armpit of plant, located in the upper angle between leaf and stem

50
Q

the axillary bud has the potential to form a

A

lateral branch, thorn, flower

51
Q

the main photosynthetic organ of plants is the

A

leaves

52
Q

Functions of leaves other than photosynthesis

A

gas exchange, dissipation of heat, defense, storage

53
Q

the stalk of the leaf is called the

A

petiole, which joins leaf to stem

54
Q

In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue is called the

A

epidermis (layer of tightly packed cells)

55
Q

the cuticle of the leaf is useful to

A

prevent water loss from the epidermis

56
Q

function of vascular tissue

A

facilitates transport of materials and provides support

57
Q

the xylem conducts ____ in a ____ direction

A

water and minerals, upward

58
Q

the phloem transports ____ in a___ direction

A

sugars, two way

59
Q

the water conducting cells in the xylem are called

A

tracheids

60
Q

tracheids are found

A

in all plant xylems

61
Q

vessel elements are found

A

only in some plants

62
Q

tracheids structure

A

tubular, elongated, dead, rigid

63
Q

the secondary walls of xylem have ___

A

pits

64
Q

pits

A

water can migrate laterally to neighboring cells

65
Q

vessel elements

A

wider, shorter, less tapered, thinner walls

66
Q

The _____ at the end of vessel elements enable the free flow of water

A

perforation plates

67
Q

the phloem consists of

A

sieve-tube elements

68
Q

the cells of the phloem lack

A

nucleus, ribosomes, distinct vacuole, cytoskeletal elements

69
Q

the sieve plates between the tubes contain

A

pores to facilitate flow of fluid from cell to cell

70
Q

non conducting cell of phloem

A

companion cell, is alongside each sieve tube element

71
Q

ground tissue

A

tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular

72
Q

substance internal to vascular tissue

A

pith

73
Q

substance external to vascular tissue

A

cortex

74
Q

ground tissue is important in

A

photosynthesis, short distance transport, storage, support

75
Q

name for continuous plant growth throughout its life

A

continuous growth

76
Q

indeterminate growth is enabled by

A

meristems (perpetually undifferentiated cells)

77
Q

some plants stop growing at a certain size, which is called

A

determinate growth

78
Q

apical meristems function

A

primary growth

79
Q

axillary meristems function

A

secondary growth, adds thickness and girth

80
Q

two types of lateral meristems

A

vascular cambium, cork cambium

81
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

82
Q

cork cambium

A

replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

83
Q

derivative cells

A

come after stem cells, differentiate into specialized cells, displaced from meristem

84
Q

apical dominance is achieved through

A

plant hormones

85
Q

two major transport compartments in plants

A

apoplast and symplast

86
Q

apoplast system

A

external to plasma membrane, includes cell walls, extracellular spaces, interior of vessels

87
Q

symplast system

A

cytosol of all living cells

88
Q

three transport systems in plants

A

apoplast, symplast, transmembrane

89
Q

in plants, the membrane potential is established with

A

proton pumps, H+

90
Q

what do plants use proton gradient for

A

H+/sucrose transporter moves sucrose against its concentration
gradient

91
Q

The direction of water flow is determined by _____, a quantity that includes the effects of solute
concentration and pressure

A

water potential

92
Q

water flows from regions of ___ water to potential to ____ water potential

A

higher, lower

93
Q

if a solution has a high solute concentration, it will have a ___ water potential

A

low

94
Q

plasmolysis

A

protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall as water exits cells

95
Q

cells have ____ water potential than pure water

A

lower

96
Q

fluid will always move from ___ to ___ pressure

A

high to low

97
Q

bulk flow is independent/dependent of solute concentration?

A

independent

98
Q

xylem sap

A

water and dissolved minerals in xylem

99
Q

long distance transport of water and minerals occurs through ___ in the ___

A

transpiration, xylem

100
Q

cohesion-tension hypothesis

A

hypothesis of how xylem sap moves upward through xylem by transpiration

101
Q

rate of transpiration is determined by ___

A

stomata

102
Q

upper mesophyll layer

A

palisade layer, elongated and tightly packed cells

103
Q

lower mesophyll layer

A

spongy mesophyll, loosely arranged cells good for gas circulation

104
Q

bulk flow is driven by differences in

A

pressure potential

105
Q

bulk flow occurs in

A

hollow, dead cells

106
Q

bulk flow moves

A

entire solution, not just solutes or water and is much faster

Physiological Systems (1 decks)

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