Phys Sys Exam 4 Flashcards
Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
autotrophs
get energy entirely from nonliving sources
autotrophs make ____ from _____
organic molecules, CO2
a molecule is organic if it has
carbon and hydrogen
consumers
eat other organisms (living)
heterotrophs depend on ____ for food and O2
autotrophs
decomposers
break down and absorb energy from nonliving remains or wastes of other organisms
photoautotrophs
make energy through sunlight
Photosynthesis requires ____ to catalyze
enzymes
CO2 and O2 enters/exits the leaf through the _____
stomata
chloroplasts are found in _____ cells
mesophyll
the fluid in chloroplasts is called the
stroma
membrane sacs suspended in the stroma
thylakoids
stacks of thylakoids
grana
light dependent reactions occur in the
thylakoid membranes
equation for photosynthesis
6 CO2+6 H2O+ light»>C6H12O6+ 6 O2
green pigment found in thylakoid membrane
chlorophyll
light independent reactions occur in the
stroma
light independent reactions are also called the
calvin cycle
in the light reactions when H2O splits, it contributes ____
Electrons and protons, H+
where does O2 go in the light reactions
waste product (out stomata)
what is it called when ADP is converted to ATP
photophosphorylation
what is it called when CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule
carbon fixation
What does NADPH provide in the calvin cycle
electrons
what does the calvin cycle use from the light dependent reactions
ATP and NADPH
energy of light is transferred to proteins by the ____
chlorophyll
The photosystems are embedded in the ______
thylakoid membrane
PSII and PSI are connected by the ___
electron transport chain
what do the photosystems do
forms proton gradient for chemiosmosis and ATP production
in the calvin cycle, carbon enters the cycle as
CO2
what is the sugar that leaves the calvin cycle
G3P
3 ____ molecules are fixed to make G3P
CO2
3 stages of calvin cycle
carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
how many ATP are required in the regeneration portion of calvin cycle
3
the sugar made from photosynthesis is stored as starch in
chloroplasts, roots, seeds, tubers, fruits
about half of the sugar made from photosynthesis is used in the plant for ____
cell respiration
plants undergo what type of growth
vegetative
____ grow flowers to function in reproduction
angiosperms
Organ
several tissue types
working together to carry
out a function
Tissue
group of cells (of one or
more cell type) grouped
together for a specialized
function
the shoot system includes the
stems, leaves, and flowers
the root system and shoot system are connected by ____ tissue
vascular
functions of roots
anchoring plant, absorbing minerals and water, storing carbohydrates
large, hard plants with large shoot masses have a ____ system
taproot
the taproot’s main function is
to anchor the plant
the lateral roots main functions are
to absorb water and minerals
root hairs are extensions of _____ cells
epidermal
node
point of leaf attachment
internodes
stem segments between nodes
apical bud
also called terminal bud, elongates the shoot at the tip
axillary bud
armpit of plant, located in the upper angle between leaf and stem
the axillary bud has the potential to form a
lateral branch, thorn, flower
the main photosynthetic organ of plants is the
leaves
Functions of leaves other than photosynthesis
gas exchange, dissipation of heat, defense, storage
the stalk of the leaf is called the
petiole, which joins leaf to stem
In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue is called the
epidermis (layer of tightly packed cells)
the cuticle of the leaf is useful to
prevent water loss from the epidermis
function of vascular tissue
facilitates transport of materials and provides support
the xylem conducts ____ in a ____ direction
water and minerals, upward
the phloem transports ____ in a___ direction
sugars, two way
the water conducting cells in the xylem are called
tracheids
tracheids are found
in all plant xylems
vessel elements are found
only in some plants
tracheids structure
tubular, elongated, dead, rigid
the secondary walls of xylem have ___
pits
pits
water can migrate laterally to neighboring cells
vessel elements
wider, shorter, less tapered, thinner walls
The _____ at the end of vessel elements enable the free flow of water
perforation plates
the phloem consists of
sieve-tube elements
the cells of the phloem lack
nucleus, ribosomes, distinct vacuole, cytoskeletal elements
the sieve plates between the tubes contain
pores to facilitate flow of fluid from cell to cell
non conducting cell of phloem
companion cell, is alongside each sieve tube element
ground tissue
tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular
substance internal to vascular tissue
pith
substance external to vascular tissue
cortex
ground tissue is important in
photosynthesis, short distance transport, storage, support
name for continuous plant growth throughout its life
continuous growth
indeterminate growth is enabled by
meristems (perpetually undifferentiated cells)
some plants stop growing at a certain size, which is called
determinate growth
apical meristems function
primary growth
axillary meristems function
secondary growth, adds thickness and girth
two types of lateral meristems
vascular cambium, cork cambium
vascular cambium
adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem
cork cambium
replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher
derivative cells
come after stem cells, differentiate into specialized cells, displaced from meristem
apical dominance is achieved through
plant hormones
two major transport compartments in plants
apoplast and symplast
apoplast system
external to plasma membrane, includes cell walls, extracellular spaces, interior of vessels
symplast system
cytosol of all living cells
three transport systems in plants
apoplast, symplast, transmembrane
in plants, the membrane potential is established with
proton pumps, H+
what do plants use proton gradient for
H+/sucrose transporter moves sucrose against its concentration
gradient
The direction of water flow is determined by _____, a quantity that includes the effects of solute
concentration and pressure
water potential
water flows from regions of ___ water to potential to ____ water potential
higher, lower
if a solution has a high solute concentration, it will have a ___ water potential
low
plasmolysis
protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall as water exits cells
cells have ____ water potential than pure water
lower
fluid will always move from ___ to ___ pressure
high to low
bulk flow is independent/dependent of solute concentration?
independent
xylem sap
water and dissolved minerals in xylem
long distance transport of water and minerals occurs through ___ in the ___
transpiration, xylem
cohesion-tension hypothesis
hypothesis of how xylem sap moves upward through xylem by transpiration
rate of transpiration is determined by ___
stomata
upper mesophyll layer
palisade layer, elongated and tightly packed cells
lower mesophyll layer
spongy mesophyll, loosely arranged cells good for gas circulation
bulk flow is driven by differences in
pressure potential
bulk flow occurs in
hollow, dead cells
bulk flow moves
entire solution, not just solutes or water and is much faster
