Phys of Ex Second Exam

Question 1

All Neural Activity occurs extremely rapidly but a reflex is the fastest mode of response because you dont need time to make a conscious decision

Answer 1

only one response is possible

no options need to be considered

Question 2

parts of reflex

Answer 2

Sense organ>affector
afferent nerve (sensory)
one or more synapse 
efferent neuron (motor)
effector> such as muscle

Question 3

Types of reflex

Answer 3

Stretch
reciprocal inhibition
Flexor reflex/withdrawal reflex
(also supporting and conditioned)

Question 4

Stretch Reflex

Answer 4

receptors> proptioceptors
EX.
posture
antigravity relfexis
knee jerk patellar reflex

Question 5

Flexor/withdrawal reflex

Answer 5

di or multisynaptic
withdrawal from pain
opposes extensors of stretch reflex
receptors nociceptors
Ex twist ankle

Question 6

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 6

assures relaxation and removal of interference during completion of movement
EX
triceps/biceps

Question 7

Muscle Spindle

Answer 7

most abundant type of proptioceptor in the muscle (and body)

Question 8

Before a muscle can contract it first must e put on…

Answer 8

stretch

Question 9

Motor unit

Answer 9

1 nerve and the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 10

Gamma motor neuron

Answer 10

functions to maintain peak operation at all muscle lengths

Question 11

Types of stretches

Answer 11

physical

mental

Question 12

physical stretches

Answer 12

load
stretch (ms)
brain
muscle
contraction
firing motor unit
EX table

Question 13

Mental stretches

Answer 13

thought
ends contract
stretch
brain
muscle
contraction
EX bend elbow

Question 14

be as… as possible and the least….

Answer 14

inertial

muscular

Question 15

gamma system or gamma loop

Answer 15

provides a very sensitive system for the execution of smooth voluntary movements
holding a book in fixed position
important part of tonic stretch
#of motor units needed

Question 16

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 16

activated by stretch from muscle contraction

• spindles facilitate (cause) contraction
• tendons inhibition >protective function

Question 17

neurons specialize in the functions of

Answer 17

excitability/irritability
-capacity for being stimulated
conductivity
-capacity to carry an impulse or stimulus throughout the body

Question 18

Structure of a neuron

Answer 18

• Body/soma with nissl substance (high iron nucleoplasm as catalyst)
• processes dendrites carry too axons away (nerve fiber)
• Myelin sheath certain fibers do not display myelin sheath (spinal cord optic and auditory nerves)
• Neurilemma schwann cell area of peripheral nerve regeneration
• Nodes of ranvier play role in how fast impulse is transmitted

Question 19

Classification of neurons

Answer 19

Structurally
uni/bi/multi polar
Functionally
sensory
motor
internucial/ interneuron

Question 20

Excitation or nerve impulse

Answer 20

electrical disturbance at a point of stim of a nerve that is self propagated along the entire length of axon
once it starts it keeps going
(sensory)

Question 21

Action potential

Answer 21

stimulus change in environment which modifies the activity of the cell

Question 22

this process of polarity reversal is referred to as

Answer 22

action potential
depolarization
spike potential

Question 23

saltatory conduction

Answer 23

jumping from node to node

increase the conduction velocity of the impulse

Question 24

speed of conduction

Answer 24

proportional to fiber diameter and thickness of the myelin sheath

Question 25

types of transmission

Answer 25

electrical transmission -impulse traveling along axon chemical transmission -involved as the impulse is transmitted jumped across the synapse from one neuron o another

Question 26

re polarization

Answer 26

takes place in 1/500 second capable of almost continuous impulse strength of stim does not effect speed ACH is excitatory hormone to stim second neuron at the synapse

Question 27

synapse

Answer 27

anatomical gab between 2 neurons no true protoplasmic continuity

Question 28

exocytosis

Answer 28

the process in which calcium helps in release of ACH to presynaptic membrane were ACH is released

Question 29

Bell Magendle law

Answer 29

one way conduction>aACH comes only from axon not cell body or dendrite

Question 30

functional characteristics of synapse

Answer 30

``` one way conduction transmission delay area of fatigue susceptible to drugs high threshold motor too much contraction ```

Question 31

mitochondria

Answer 31

aerobically re synthesizing ACH | continuous synthesis necessary only small amount can be stored in vesicles

Question 32

threshold for excitation

Answer 32

minimal electrical level at which a neuron will fire (transmit impulse)

Question 33

inhibitory facilitation

Answer 33

allows us to overcome excitatory impulses that we consciously want to oppose: especially sensory, clothing touch, sitting, light, odor

Question 34

no.... ..... at neuromuscular junction

Answer 34

inhibition mechanism

Question 35

time of events

Answer 35

small electrical events that happen very quickly

Question 36

area 4

Answer 36

primary motor cortex specific movement Knowing how to move provides for sensory regulation of motor function permits conscious coordination of thought and action concerned with SMALL DISCRETE movements by contraction of spec. muscles

Question 37

area 6

Answer 37

premotor cortex movement patterns moving coordinates and control complicated movement patterns groups of muscles sports skills area concerned with the acquisition of specialized motor skills injured coordinated skilled movements become difficult

Question 38

Henrys memory drum

Answer 38

1 indiv. diff. in ability make 70% of movement 2 RT lengthens when increased complex. 3 LITTLE/NO RELATIONSHIP B/W STATIC STRENGTH AND SPEED OF MOVM. SPEED DEPENDS QUALITY OF IMPRESSION OF MEM DRUM THAN MUSC STRENGTH 4 fast limb movm cant stop/change unless originally knowing to stop 5 paralysis by analysis 6 discrete is learned then built up then back down 7 little relationship b/w motor skills