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Physics > PHYS EXAM 3 > Flashcards

PHYS EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

atoms:

A

Nucleus contains protons and neutrons
* Protons have positive electric charge
* Neutrons are electrically neutral
* Electrons orbit outside nucleus
* Electrons have negative electric charge

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2
Q

nuclear FUSION

A

lighter atomic nuclei fuse into heavier nuclei, releasing energy in the process

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3
Q

nuclear FISSION

A

heavier atomic nuclei split into lighter nuclei, releasing energy in the process

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4
Q

isotopes of hydrogen

A
  • All hydrogen has one proton.
  • Most hydrogen has zero neutrons
  • Isotopes may have 1 or 2 neutrons
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5
Q

Easiest to get energy by _____ if element is higher than iron

A

fusion

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6
Q

Easiest to get energy by ______ if element is heavier than iron

A

fission

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7
Q

Nuclear fusion in core of Sun

A

Sun’s core gets hot enough for nuclear fusion to occur

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8
Q

nuclear power plant

A

Generate energy by nuclear fission of uranium

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9
Q

proton-proton chain (nuclear fusion)

A
  • Start with four hydrogen nuclei
  • End with one helium nucleus
  • One helium nucleus has almost the same mass as four hydrogen nuclei - but not quite
  • Lost mass is converted into energy
  • E = mc2 (energy = mass x speed of light)
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10
Q

Nuclear fission in a nuclear powerplant

A
  • U-235 bombarded with neutron
  • Uranium nucleus is split
  • Other neutrons released
  • Starts chain reaction
  • Control rods are used to absorb neutrons - control the nuclear reactions
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11
Q

2016 US energy consumption by source

A

Petroleum -37%
natural gas-29%
coal-15%
renewable energy -10%
nuclear electric power-9%

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12
Q

2016 US electricity consumption by source

A

natural gas - 33.81%
coal-30.39%
nuclear -19.76%

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13
Q

isotopes

A
  • The number of protons defines an element
  • Different isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons
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14
Q

uranium

A

-92 protons
-143 or 146 neutrons
-metal
-not a fossil fuel
-nonrenewable

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15
Q

uranium-238

A

-heavier (more neutrons)
-99% of uranium
-92 protons
-146 neutrons

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16
Q

uranium-235

A

-lighter (less neutrons)
-used in nuclear reactors
-92 protons
-143 neutrons

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17
Q

nuclear binding energy

A
  • Amount of energy required to break an atomic nucleus into its components
  • 1 eV = 1.6 x 10 -19 J
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18
Q

MeV

A

Mega electron volt
1 million eV

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19
Q

electron volt

A

the amount energy gained (or lost) by moving an electron across 1 volt

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20
Q

Newer generation nuclear reactors

A
  • Newer generation reactors
  • Less expensive to install and operate
  • Safer: should be able to withstand earthquakes & plane crashes
  • Emergency cooling: gravity propels coolant rather than electricity
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21
Q

BTU

A

BTU: British Thermal Unit(amount of heat to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit)
* 1 BTU = 1055 joules

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22
Q

carbon dioxide

A

Coal =208,000 lbs/bill BTU
* Oil =164,000 lbs/bill BTU
* Nat gas= 117,000 lbs/bill BTU
* Nuclear= 0
* However, leaks from natural gas pipelines can add significantly to this

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23
Q

carbon monoxide

A

Leads to increased risk of heart disease
* CO poisoning can lead to death
Coal= 208 lbs/bill BTU
* Oil =33 lbs/bill BTU
* Nat gas= 40 lbs/bill BTU
* nuclear= 0
* (does not include any carbon monoxide produced during uranium mining)

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24
Q

nuclear energy

A

uses Uranium-235 (4%) the rest is Uranium 238 (does not undergo nuclear fusion)
* Excess neutrons are absorbed by control rods to limit the chain reactions

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25
Q

23.5 degrees

A

tilt of earth’s axis

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26
Q

winter solstice

A

-Southern Hemisphere is facing the sun
-winter in the north
-sun is low in the sky, less day light

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27
Q

concentrated solar power

A
  • Sun’s energy focused to a point using mirrors or lenses
  • Solar steam engine from 1901
    -facility in San Bernadino, CA
    Parabolic reflectors used to concentrate sun’s light to a point
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28
Q

Photoelectric effect

A
  • Discovered 1839
  • Light shines on certain materials
  • Electrons are emitted
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29
Q

wind turbines

A

-wind turns the crank on turbines, the coils in the magnetic fields turning against each other create electricity
-small wind turbines for home use

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30
Q

Problems with wind energy

A
  • Deaths of birds and bats
  • Aesthetics
  • noise
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31
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

32
Q

each molecule has its own ____ _____

A

kinetic energy

33
Q

KE equation

A

1/2mv^2

34
Q

units for heat

A

calories, joules and BTU

35
Q

calorie

A

heat required to change rhe temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C

36
Q

food calorie

A

1000 calories

37
Q

scales to measure temp

A

Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin

38
Q

celcius

A

-freezing point of water = 0 degrees C
-boiling point of water = 100 degrees C
-water based scale

39
Q

thermoelectric converter

A

converts heat energy directly into electricity
-key is difference in temp

40
Q

thermodynamics law two

A

it is impossible got heat to flow spontaneously from a colder body to a hotter body

41
Q

geothermal power plant

A

used to generate electricity in areas where deposits of water are heated inside Earth from rock formations.

42
Q

nitrogen oxide

A
  • Ground level ozone: irritates respiratory system
  • Damage to plants
  • Coal= 457 lbs/bill BTU
  • Oil= 448 lbs/bill BTU
  • Nat gas =92 lbs/bill BTU
  • Nuclear.= 0
43
Q

sulfur dioxide

A

-causes acid rain
* Coal =2591 lbs/bill BTU
* Oil =1122 lbs/bill BTU
* Nat gas =0.6 lbs/bill BTU
* Nuclear. =0

44
Q

particulates

A

-harmful to lungs
* Coal= 2744 lbs/bill BTU
* Oil =84 lbs/bill BTU
* Nat gas= 7 lbs/bill BTU
* Nuclear= 0

45
Q

Nuclear energy environmental concerns

A
  • Problems with uranium mining:contamination of water
  • Water used for cooling system:heats surrounding water (thermal contamination)
  • Marine organisms can be sucked into cooling systems
  • Spent nuclear fuel must be securely stored
    -nuclear power accidents can lead to radioactive material being released into the atmosphere which can be cancer causing
46
Q

nuclear weapons

A

need >90% Uranium-235 and no control rods to get runaway chain reaction & explosion
* Or weapons use Plutonium-239 (bi-product of nuclear power)

47
Q

Treaty on nonproliferation of nuclear weapons

A
  • Signed 1970
  • All countries in the world except India, Israel, Pakistan, South Sudan
  • North Korea has withdrawn
  • Defined five nuclear weapons states (MWS):* China* France* Soviet Union* United Kingdom* United States
  • NWS states may not encourage or support non-nuclear weapons states (NNWS) in acquiring nuclear weapons
  • All parties expected to work towards nuclear disarmament
  • all Parties have a right to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and to benefit from international cooperation in this area.
48
Q

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

A

an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July 1957.

49
Q

solar energy

A
  • Renewable*
    Energy produced continuously by proton-proton chain in Sun’s core
  • Sun should have lifetime of about ten billion years.
    -energy radiated in all directions, earth gets a small part
    -highest in southwest USA (desert, dry)
    -lowest in northeast USA (higher in lat = less energy)
    -Africa, North/ South America = high
    -Europe & Canada = low
50
Q

summer solstice

A

northern hemisphere is facing the sun
-when summer is in the north

51
Q

passive solar energy

A

trying not to generate electricity

52
Q

issue w solar energy

A

sun only comes out during the day

53
Q

thermal energy storage

A
  • Heats up in day; can provide energy at night
  • Material inside gets hot
  • (rock, water, wax, etc).
54
Q

solar water heater

A

A device that traps the suns thermal (heat) energy and is used to heat water for a house

55
Q

solar shower

A

black bag, fill with water, leave in sun (heats), use to shower

56
Q

solar voltaic cell

A
  • Converts sunlight to electricity via the photoelectric effect
  • 1954: first solar voltaic cell built (thought to have no practical purpose)
    -direct currant
    -solar cells good for roofs
    -solar power company
    -calculator
57
Q

cost of home solar

A
  • Approximately $15,000 for 4 kW system
58
Q

wind energy

A

-renewable
-annual average speed = 80 m
-central US has most wind
-lot of wind around oceans/great lakes
-costs have gone down

59
Q

NIMBY

A

not in my backyard

60
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

61
Q

hot molecules move _____

A

faster

62
Q

heat

A

-total energy of ALL of the molecules
-total amount of energy transferred due to a temperature difference

63
Q

BTU

A

-total energy of ALL of the molecules
-total amount of energy transferred due to a temperature difference

64
Q

temperature

A

the average energy of molecules

65
Q

Fahrenheit

A

-freezing point = 32 degrees F
-boiling point = 212 degrees F
-US uses this

66
Q

ke;vin

A

-absolute zero = 0 kelvin (particles have 0 energy, all motion stops)
-0k = -273 degrees C
-0k = -460 degrees F
-a change of 1k is the same as 1 degree C
-temp of k = temp of degrees C + 273
-water freezes at 273 k
-water boils at 373 k

67
Q

thermodynamics

A

heat that is in motion

68
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

heat added to a closed system goes into the internal energy of the system and/or doing work
-ex. heating a balloon - molecules are pounding on inside of the balloon causing it to expand = work

69
Q

work

A

force x distance

70
Q

heat engine

A

something hot going into something cold that we tap into and get work out of

71
Q

ideal efficiency of a heat engine (temp must be in kelvin)

A

((temp hot - temp cold)/temp hot) x 100

72
Q

heat pump

A

-opposite of heat engine
-put work in by forcing cold to hot to get energy

73
Q

natural geysers

A
  • Old Faithful
  • Yellowstone National Park,Wyoming
  • Erupts every 45 to 90 minutes
74
Q

US geothermal resources

A

West has many, east not as much

75
Q

geothermal heat pump

A
  • Below ground temperature typically 50 - 60 oF
  • Warmer than typical outdoor winter temperature.
  • Cooler than typical outdoor summer temperature.
  • Cools in summer; heats in winter

Physics (1 decks)

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