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Physiology > Phys Exam 1 Memory/Terms > Flashcards

Phys Exam 1 Memory/Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Depolarization

A

Decrease in membrane potential
Voltage difference between inside & outside of membrane is less

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2
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increase in membrane potential
More difference in voltage across membrane

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3
Q

Membrane Potential (Vm)

A

Difference in voltage across membrane

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4
Q

Resting membrane potential (Vr)

A

Voltage across membrane when cell is inactive

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5
Q

Capacitance

A

Membrane’s ability to store charge

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6
Q

Conductance (g)

A

ease of flow

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7
Q

Current (I)

A

Change in ion conductance

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8
Q

Equilibrium Potential of K+

A

-90 mV

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9
Q

Equilibrium Potential of Na+

A

+60 mV

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10
Q

Equilibrium Potential of Ca2+

A

+120 mV

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11
Q

Equilibrium Potential of Cl-

A

-70 mV

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12
Q

Ohms Law

A

V=IxR
Voltage = Current x Resistance

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13
Q

Contractility

A

Cardiac muscle’s ability to change force of contraction w/o changing muscle length

Occurs by change in Ca regulation
Activates sympathetic nervous system for increase of NE release

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14
Q

Gs (type of G protein-coupled receptor)

A

increase AMP | inhibit MLCK | stimulate SERCA
=relaxation

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15
Q

Gi (type of G protein-coupled receptor)

A

decrease cAMP | promote MLCK | inhibit SERCA |
=contraction

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16
Q

Gq (type of G protein-coupled receptor)

A

produce IP3 / DAG | Ca2+ release from SR | activates PKC
=contraction

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17
Q

Contraction Mechanism for Smooth Muscle

A

Ca2+ in | Calmodulin binds to Ca2+ | MLCK activated | phosphorylation of MLC | cross bridge formation | myosin flexibility =contraction

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18
Q

Relaxation Mechanism in Smooth Muscle

A

Ca2+ out of cell | decrease MLCK | dephosphorylate MLC | decrease myosin flexibility
= relaxation

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19
Q

Dystrophin & Role in Muscular Dystrophy

A

Binds sarcomere to outside of cell
Mutation = damage/wasting overtime with stretch (MD)

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20
Q

Order of Motor Unit Recruitment

A

Type I (slow/deep) –> Type II (fast/superficial)

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21
Q

Twitch

A

Muscle contraction from single action potential

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22
Q

Summation

A

combination of EPSPs & IPSPs which can form an Action Potential

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23
Q

Type I Motor Unit

A

Slow oxidative | Low myosin ATPase | Low SERCA | Lots mitochondria | Energy-conservative | Deeper | More excitable
“fine” motor control | fatigue-resistant | small neurons

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24
Q

Type IIA Motor Unit

A

Fast-oxidative | quick shortening | high myosin ATPase | medium SERCA | lots mitochondria

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25
Q

Type IIB Motor Unit

A

Fast-glycolytic | fastest shortening | high myosin ATPase | high SERCA | low mitochondria | fatigue common

26
Q

Velocity of Muscle Fiber Contraction

A

Increase Myosin ATPase = increase velocity contraction
Determined by alpha motor neuron innervation

27
Q

Power in Muscle Fiber

A

Greater velocity via Myosin ATPase = greater Power!

28
Q

Force-Velocity Relationship in Muscle

A

Increase load = Decrease shortening velocity
Fastest contraction w/ 0 load

29
Q

Active Force

A

F produced by actin-myosin cross-bridges

30
Q

Passive Force

A

F produced by titin & connective tissue (elasticity, wants to go back to resting length)
Increase PF = increase muscle stretch

31
Q

Optimal Length (Lo)

A

Where most active cross-bridges are formed in muscle to produce the maximum force
(in middle of how far sarcomere can be stretched)

32
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

eccentric (longer fibers) & concentric (shorten fibers)
Same load but change length

33
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

No change in muscle length | Load changes

34
Q

Increase Muscle in Series

A

Greater speed & shortening

35
Q

Increase Muscle in Parallel

A

Greater force production

36
Q

Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

A

Ach release | N1 receptors | Depolarization | Ryanodine pulls Ca2+ channel open | Ca2+ influx | Cross-bridge formation
=Contraction

37
Q

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle

A

SERCA pumps Ca2+ back into SR | Cross-bridge formation ends
=relaxation

38
Q

Cross-Bridge Steps in Skeletal Muscle

A

Ca2+ binds to Troponin C | Troponin I cause conformational change | ATP binds to myosin | ATP hydrolyzed (at rest) | Myosin binds to actin | Phosphate released | Myosin head cocks = power stroke | ADP released

39
Q

Troponin C

A

Binds to Ca2+ to uncover myosin-binding sites on actin

40
Q

Troponin I

A

Causes conformational change so myosin can bind to actin

41
Q

Troponin T

A

keeps tropomyosin in place

42
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Covers myosin-binding sites on actin

43
Q

Titin

A

Allows for elasticity of muscle
Stabilizes myosin | causes passive force

44
Q

Tetany

A

Summation where plateau occurs | muscle cannot relax or “oscillate” at all = sustained contraction

45
Q

Baroreflex Mechanism

A

BP = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
Up BP –> increase PSNS | decrease SNS = decrease BP

46
Q

SNS (Sympathetic)

A

“fight or flight”
Dilate pupils | Increase HR | Decrease GI | Decrease saliva, Up viscosity
Short pregang | Long postgang
Thoracolumbar region
NT: NE

47
Q

PSNS (Parasympathetic)

A

“Rest & Digest”
Constrict pupils | Decrease HR | Increase GI | Increase saliva, down viscosity
Long pregang | Short postgang
Craniosacral region
NT: Ach

48
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

PSNS & SNS | Excitatory (EPSP)
Receptors:
Nicotinic (ionotropic/NSCC)
N1: NMJ - skeletal
N2: postganglionic fibers - autonomic neurons
Muscarinic (metabotropic) - smooth/cardiac

49
Q

Glycine

A

Spinal cord | Inhibitory (IPSP)
Receptor: ionotropic (ligand-gated)
Cl- conductance
Location: spinal cord, retina, brainstem

50
Q

GABA

A

CNS | Inhibitory (IPSP)
Receptors:
GABAa: ionotropic | Cl- conductance (hyperpolarization) fast
GABAb: metabotropic | K+ conductance (hyperpolarization) slow
Location: interneurons in brain

51
Q

Jumping Frenchman Disease

A

Glycine (NT) Receptor mutation

52
Q

Glutamate (Glu)

A

Brain | Excitatory (EPSP)
Receptors:
Ionotropic (NMDA | AMPA | Kainate)
Na, K, Ca flow | fast
Metabotropic (mGluR)
Na, K, Ca flow | slow

53
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

SNS (all postgang) | Excitatory (EPSP)
Receptors:
a-Adrenergic: metabotropic | more NE than E
a1: blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
a2: presynaptic terminals
B-Adrenergic: metabotropic | more E than NE)
B1: heart (up HR)
B2: lungs (bronchodilation)
B3: fat cells

54
Q

Epinephrine (E)

A

SNS (adrenal medulla) | Excitatory (EPSP)
Receptors:
a-Adrenergic: metabotropic | more NE than E
a1: blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
a2: presynaptic terminals
B-Adrenergic: metabotropic | more E than NE)
B1: heart (up HR)
B2: lungs (bronchodilation)
B3: fat cells

55
Q

Receptor Potential

A

Change in membrane potential at stimulus site

56
Q

Synaptic Potential

A

Change in membrane potential at synapse when NT released

57
Q

Tonic Receptor

A

Slow | AP maintained

58
Q

Phasic Receptor

A

Fast | AP only when stimulus turned on/off

59
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

fast | short | ligand-gated | NSCC | localized

60
Q

Metabotropic

A

slow | long | G-protein coupled | widespread

Physiology (6 decks)

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