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Physiology > Phys Exam 1 > Flashcards

Phys Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

a dynamic and responsive process. maintains a range for optimal condition

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2
Q

what are the steps of a response loop? (7)

A
  1. stimulus: change in environment
  2. sensor/receptor: detects change in environment
    3.input (afferent): message sent to control center
  3. integrating center: receives input signal
  4. output (efferent): message sent out
  5. target: cell receives message and initiates signal for change
  6. response: change occurs
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3
Q

what is a neg. feedback loop and example

A

inhibits original stimulus. goes more towards equilibrium
thermoregulation

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4
Q

what is a positive feedback loop and examples

A

enhance original stimulus. goes AWAY from equilibrium. MORE and MORE!
need outside factor to shut off
child birth and blood clotting

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5
Q

what is a feed forward loop

A

helps anticipate/prepare for a stimulus (eating)

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6
Q

where is cortisol produced?

A

adrenal glands

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7
Q

what is cortisol known for

A

primary stress hormone

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8
Q

what are some things cortisol does

A
  1. induces flight/fight (turns off non-essential things like digestion)
  2. increases glucose in bloodstream -> increases brain uptake of glucose
  3. reduces inflammation ->anti-inflammatory
  4. regulates bp
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9
Q

what type of transport needs carrier proteins/pumps

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

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10
Q

a carrier protein is slow or fast

A

SLOW

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11
Q

an ion channel is fast or slow

A

FAST

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12
Q

osmolarity is what

A

number of solute particles dissolved in a volume of solution

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13
Q

what is tonicity

A

compares a solution to a cell. tells us if the cell will shrink or swell

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14
Q

if a cell swells, ECF?

A

hypotonic

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15
Q

if a cell shrinks, ECF?

A

hypertonic

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16
Q

two branches off PNS

A

autonomic and enteric (GI)

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17
Q

difference between a neuron and nerve?

A

nerve has TONS of neurons.

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18
Q

what does a glial cell do

A

polarization

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19
Q

what does a neuron do

A

transmit signal

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20
Q

what happens at the axon hillock

A

where AP originates

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21
Q

what is the resting potential of a neuron

A

-70mV
more Na+ on outside

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22
Q

what is action potential of a neuron

A

-55mV
voltage gated Na/K begin to open

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23
Q

what is happening during repolarization

A

the K+ channels are still open while Na+ is closed so shoot way below.

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24
Q

what happens during depolarization

A

Na+ ions come in FAST

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25
Q

what happens at top of AP

A

Na+ channels close and K+ begin to slowly open

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26
Q

what happens in order to go from hyperpolarization to resting state again

A

voltage gated K+ channels close and less K+ leaks out. becomes more positive (-70mV)

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27
Q

what is an absolute refractory period

A

NO depolarizations can happen during this time

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28
Q

what is a relative refractory period?

A

you would be a SUPER strong signal to depolarize again since we are in hyperpolarization (-80mV and not -70mV)

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29
Q

will the resting potential of CNS and PNS neurons vary?

A

YES!
due to hormones, temp, pressure, etc

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30
Q

what does a bigger and myelinated neuron mean in terms of speed?

A

FASTER!!!

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31
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier?

A

a gap in the myelin sheath where Na+ channels sometimes open

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32
Q

neuron to neuron communication: the AP causes what to enter the presyn, allowing the neurotransmitter to release

A

calcium enters

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33
Q

which one is faster: chemical or electrical synapses?

A

ELECTRICAL! its not as controlled though

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34
Q

what does a electrical synapse compose of

A

direct physical contact between the 2 neurons via a gap junction
allows for bidirectional movement

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35
Q

what does a chemical synapse compose of

A

presynaptic ending contains neurotransmitter and postsyn. has receptors of its membrane.

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36
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the amt of neurotransmitter and receptors presence can vary!

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37
Q

temporal summation

A

1 presyn. neuron generates AP. happens over time

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38
Q

spacial summation

A

MANY presyn. neurons generate AP

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39
Q

divergent pathway

A

one presyn. neuron branches to a bunch of post. syn neurons.

finger on someting hot

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40
Q

convergence pathway

A

many presyn. neurons converge to influence a SMALLER amt of postsyn. neurons

referred pain (pain in one part of your body is actually caused from a different part of your body

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41
Q

two types of neurotransmitter receptors

A
  1. ionotropic. QUICK. ion channel
  2. G-protein coupled receptors SLOW. no ion channel. second messengers
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42
Q

T/F: some neurotransmitters dont require a receptor

A

TRUE. super dangerous.
endocannabinoids and gasotransmitters (nitric oxide)

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43
Q

dopamine

A

inhibitory
reward/motivation

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44
Q

serotonin

A

inhibitory
regulates mood/anxiety/appetite

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45
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory
decreases anxiety and increases relaxation

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46
Q

noreprinephrine

A

both
alertness and arousal

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47
Q

glutamate

A

MAIN EXCITATORY
learning and memory

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48
Q

histamine

A

excitatory
increases wakefulness and decreases hunger

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49
Q

can a neurotransmitter have one effect on one cell and another on a different cell?

A

YES

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50
Q

What two systems are inseparable

A

nervous system and musculoskeletal

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51
Q

three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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52
Q

skeletal muscle characteristis

A

attaches to bone,skin,fascia
stratiated with light and dark bands
voluntary
STRONG and quick

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53
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A

striated
in-voluntary
auto-rhythmic bc of pacemaker cells
strong and quick

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54
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

attaches to hair follicles, walls of hollow organs and eye
non-striated
in-voluntary
strong and slow (digestion)

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55
Q

can skeletal muscles every be in-voluntary?

A

yes, shivering! produces heat

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56
Q

4 muscle properties

A

contractility
electrical excitability
extensibility
elasticity

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57
Q

what is tenosynovitis/tendonitis

A

inflammation due to overuse/strain

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58
Q

what type of injury is a contractile tissue injury?

A

strains NOT SPRAIN

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59
Q

where do tears often occur with tendons?

A

myotendinous junction

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60
Q

tendinosis/tendinophathy is from what?

A

NOT inflammation. tendon just doesnt tolerate stress

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61
Q

what is a sarcolemma

A

muscle fiber cell membrane

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62
Q

what is endomysium

A

surrounds the individual muscle CELL (including the sarcolemma)
also insulates the individual cells from one another.
rich in capillaries

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63
Q

what is perimysium

A

ensheathes muscle CELLS to form FASCICLES (bundle of muscle fibers/cells)

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64
Q

what is the epimysium

A

wraps around ENTIRE gross structure of muscle. (bundles of FASCICLES)
becomes continuous with muscle tendon

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65
Q

order of connective tissue coverings largest to smallest

A

epimysium > perimysium > endomysium > sarcolemma

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66
Q

difference between endomysium and sarcolemma

A

endomysium = layer outside cell membrane
sarcolemma = cell membrane

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67
Q

what is in a neurovascular bundle

A

Veins, arteries, nerve cells within peripheral nerves (connect the muscle cells to nervous system)

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68
Q

how do skeletal muscle cells become multi-nucleated

A

during embryonic development, multiple mesodermal stem cells fuse together to form a muscle fiber/cell.

Myogenesis

once mature, CANNOT DIVIDE

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69
Q

what is the structural and functional subunit of a muscle cell

A

Sarcomere

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70
Q

what are actin and myosin in

A

myofibril

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71
Q

actin is _______
myosin is ______

A

actin = thin
myosin = thick

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72
Q

where can we find myofilaments?

A

sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)

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73
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

fluid filled system of membranous sacs encircling each myofibril within the muscle fiber/cell

74
Q

where is Ca2+ stored until needed

A

sarcoplasmic rectiulum

75
Q

where can we find mitochondria and glycogen deposits?

A

between the myofibrils in association with the SR

76
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

muscle fiber membrane where t-tubles are.

77
Q

what do t-tubules do

A

rapidly convey AP to all myofibrils inside the muscle fiber

78
Q

what type of fluid do t-tubles contain?

A

extra-cellular

79
Q

what do myofibrils contain

A

myofilaments (actin/myosin)

80
Q

what is the basic contractile component of a myofibril

A

sarcomere

81
Q

Z-disc

A

separates one sarcomere from another

82
Q

A-band

A

entire length of thick AND thin (that overlaps thick)

83
Q

I-band

A

only THIN

84
Q

H-zone

A

only THICK

85
Q

M-line

A

in the middle of the H-zone. “middle line”

86
Q

during contraction, what happens to the Z-disc

A

moves closer together

87
Q

during contraction, what happens to the I-band

A

narrow

88
Q

during contraction, what happens to the H zone

A

narrow

89
Q

during contraction, what happens to the A band

A

DOESNT MOVE (myosin)

90
Q

during contraction, what happens to the sarcomere

A

shortens

91
Q

during contraction, what happens to the myofilaments

A

remain same length

92
Q

2 contractile muscle proteins

A

actin and myosin

93
Q

2 regulatory muscle proteins

A
  1. tropomyosin
  2. troponin
94
Q

what does tropomyosin do

A

covers myosin binding sites on actin (long strings)

95
Q

what does troponin do

A

the Ca2+ release causes shape change in troponin –> moves tropomyosin and allows binding between thick and thin filaments (disc part) Ca2+ binds to it

96
Q

6 structural muscle proteins

A
  1. titin
  2. nebulin
    3.alpha-actinin
  3. myomesin
    5.C-protein
  4. dystrophin
97
Q

what does titin do

A

anchors thick to Z lines. Stretches from Z-line to Z-line

LARGEST

98
Q

what does nebulin do

A

aligns thin filaments

99
Q

what does alpha-actinin do

A

bundles thin filaments into parallel arrays and anchors them at Z-line

100
Q

what does myomesin do

A

holds thick filaments in place @ M-line (forms M-line)

101
Q

what protein is the C protein most similar to

A

Myomesin

102
Q

what does dystrophin do

A

cytoskeletal protein that links filaments to sarcolemma

103
Q

rank
muscle fiber, sarcomere, muscle fascicle, myofibril
largest to smallest

A

muscle fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere

104
Q

what happens to your muscles that are immobilized by a cast

A

atrophy

105
Q

steps of EC coupling

A
  1. efferent motor signal (AP) from somatic motor neuron in peripheral nerve
  2. NMJ events (chemical). ACh releases @ NMJ and causes depolarization (electrical) of muscle fiber/cell sarcolemma -> AP!
    3.AP causes release of Ca2+ from SR in muscle fiber
  3. CONTRACTION!!
  4. active pump of Ca2+ back into SR = relaxation
106
Q

can 1 neuron innervate many muscle fibers?

A

YES!

107
Q

is the number of muscle fibers innervated based on need for fine motor control?

A

YES! eye vs leg

108
Q

steps of nerve impulse at NMJ

A
  1. release of ACh
  2. opening of ACh-gated sodium channels
  3. production of muscle cell AP
  4. closing of ACh-gated channels - Na/K pump keeps intra Na+ LOW and K+ HIGH
109
Q

what is ACh broken down by

A

acetylcholineterase

110
Q

what is the cause of Myasthenia Gravis

A

ACh receptors on motor end plate are blocked by antibodies

AUTOIMMUNE!!

111
Q

what is Bell’s Palsy

A

facial nerve compression. inhibits the neurons ability to propagate an AP to NMJ bc the neuron cannot release ACh due to compression

112
Q

what does botulinum do

A

blocks release of ACh from efferent motor neuron preventing muscle contraction

113
Q

typical ATP storage in muscle cell is enough for how many twitches/contraction

A

5-8

114
Q

what is ATP backup energy?

A

phosphocreatine.

transfer P to ADP during exercise to create more ATP

115
Q

ATP IS REQUIRED FOR 3 THINGS

A
  1. crossbridge formation and release (myofilament sliding)
  2. active pump of Ca2+ ions from sarcoplasm back into SR
  3. Na+/K+ pump to restore muscle fiber membrane potential
116
Q

Describe Type I muscle

A

slow oxidative/slow twitch
high resistance to fatigue
aerobic
RED

natural runners have this

117
Q

Describe Type IIA

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic / intermediate twitch
mod. amt of mito
mod. resistance to fatigue
ana or aerobic
LIGHTER RED

118
Q

Describe Type IIB

A

FAST glycolytic / fast twitch
low # of mito
low resistance to fatigue
anaerobic
WHITE

not found in humans

119
Q

what type of muscle do we alter with training

A

Type II A

120
Q

as we age, what muscle types decrease

A

Type I and type II

121
Q

as we age, what exercise is it important we do

A

RESISTANCE TRAINING

122
Q

what 2 ways does strengthing occur?

A
  1. Neural adaptations around 2 weeks. seem stronger but no physical changes
  2. 8-12 weeks, muscle hypertrophy
123
Q

do muscles ever get longer than their resting state?

A

NO! they contract and get shorter

124
Q

what type of muscle is activated first?

A

type I then type II

125
Q

what is contraction fatigue determined by

A

asynchronous recruitment (alternation of active motor units controlled by nervous system)

126
Q

where are skeletal muscle strongest?

A

in their mid-position

127
Q

muscles are

A

ALL OR NOTHING

128
Q

what is isotonic contractions?

A

muscle changes LENGTH

129
Q

concentric isotonic

A

muscle shortens under tension

biceps curl UP

130
Q

eccentric isotonic

A

muscle LENGTHENS under tension

bicep curl on way DOWN

131
Q

what are isometric contractions

A

muscle contraction/tension generated creates force to hold a load STATIONARY but isn’t enough to move object’’

muscle length does NOT change

muscle bulge shows sliding filament is occurring but NO movement

holding weight in L shape

132
Q

what is the muscle spindle reflex? (MSR)

A

When muscles lengthen, the spindles are stretched. This stretch activates the muscle spindle which in turn sends an impulse to the spinal cord. This impulse results in the activation of more motor neurons at spinal level that send an impulse back to the muscle

133
Q

what is descending inhibition in MSR

A

inhibitory interconnections within the spinal cord from the brain moderate the motor output

134
Q

what are most CNS/UMN (upper motor neuron) injuries due to

A

a loss of descending inhibition. they will thus have an excessive MSR

135
Q

what does no response on 1 side of the body tell us

A

PNS issue

136
Q

what does no response on BOTH sides of the body tell us?

A

CNS issue

137
Q

what is the golgi-tendon organ (GTO)

A

MUSCLE RELAXTION. opposite of MSR

When people lift weights, the golgi tendon organ is the sense organ that tells how much tension the muscle is exerting. If there is too much muscle tension the golgi tendon organ will inhibit the muscle from creating any force (via a reflex arc), thus protecting the you from injuring itself.

138
Q

what happens when the GTO and MSR go against each other

A

twitch

139
Q

what is clonus

A

cycling between MSR and GTO reflexes after a stretch

140
Q

muscle spasticity is most likely to be caused from

A

loss of CNS inhibition of the muscle reflexes

**EXAM Q

141
Q

are myokines similar to anything?

A

yes, hormones!

142
Q

are smooth muscles
striated/non?
vol/in-vol?
how many nuclei?

A

non-striated
in-vol
one nuclei

143
Q

are smooth muscle cells capable of mitosis? rengeration?

A

yes -> period shedding

144
Q

does SM have troponin?

A

NO! calmodulin

145
Q

unique features of SM (6)

A
  1. can be stretched far -> bladder
  2. can be layered in different directions -> GI
  3. contractions happen slowly and last longer
  4. uses less energy to maintain force. no fatigue. less mito needed
  5. autonomic NS
  6. Ca2+ for contraction comes from SR ANNNNDD extracellular fluid
146
Q

what part of the NS controls SM

A

autonomic NS

147
Q

does SM have sarcomeres?

A

NO! BUNDLES of actin/myosin

148
Q

what is the nuclei shape in SM

A

corkscrewed

149
Q

what are the actin/myosin attached to on SM

A

dense bodies on the membrane and in cytosol

150
Q

what type of pattern are the intermediate filaments arranged in on SM

A

fish-net like

151
Q

what are the 3 ways a SM can have a contraction

A
  1. mechanical -> stretching
  2. electrical -> ANS (parasym)
  3. chemical -> hormones
152
Q

does SM have t-tubules?

A

NO! Has caveolae. so it takes longer for the Ca2+ to reach the filaments and be reabsorbed

153
Q

what structure is similar to t-tubules in SM

A

caveolae

flat-shaped invaginations of plasma membrane

154
Q

how does calmodulin work on SM

A

the binding sites are blocked by caldesmon
when Ca2+-calmodulin COMPLEX bind to caldesmon, caldesmon moves away from myosin binding sites on actin molecule and cross-bridge forms

155
Q

are cardiac muscle tissue
striated/non
vol/in-vol
have sarcomeres

A

striated
in-voluntary
have sarcomeres

156
Q

in which ways are cardiac muscles similar to skeletal? (5)

A
  1. striated and have sarcomeres
  2. sarcolemma and t-tubules
  3. signal goes to SR
  4. release Ca2+ -> contraction
  5. same mech as skeletal and same components (troponin, actin, etc)
157
Q

in which ways is cardiac muscle similar to smooth muscle (4)

A
  1. single nucleus
  2. contains gap junctions
  3. autonomic NS/hormonal control
  4. in-voluntary
158
Q

what features are unique to cardiac muscles (4)

A
  1. shorter than skeletal
  2. branched fibers
  3. have intercalated disc
  4. nuc. are spaced out
159
Q

what is an intercalated disc?

A

connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells. contains junctions

160
Q

what are the 3 types of junctions in cardiac cells and what do they do

A
  1. gap junctions -> so it beats in synchrony/allows spread of depolarization
  2. fascia adherens (adhering junction): hold muscle cells together
  3. maculae adherentes (desmosome): reinforce fascia ^

2 and 3 work together!!

161
Q

are the t-tubules in cardiac more or less organized than in skeletal? and where do they connect in each tissue?

A

MORE!
cardiac: Z-disc
skeletal: A-band to I-band

162
Q

t-tubules associated with a diad and triad are where

A

diad -> cardiac
triad -> skeletal

163
Q

are cardiac more or less vascularized than skeletal?

A

MORE!

164
Q

what sets the rate of contraction in cardiac cells?

A

SA node -> fastest

165
Q

skeletal, cardiac, smooth: cell size

A

skeletal - large elongated
cardiac- short and narrow
smooth- short and elongated

166
Q

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

connective tissues

A

skeletal: epi, peri, endomysium
cardiac: endomysium
smooth: endomysium, sheaths and bundles

167
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

single or multinucleated

A

skeletal: many
cardiac: one
smooth: one

168
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

straited?

A

skeletal: yes
cardiac: yes
smooth: no

169
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

cell junctions

A

skeletal: none
cardiac: intercalated discs and junctions
smooth: gap junctions

170
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

unique features

A

skeletal: well developed sER and t-tubules
cardiac: intercalated discs
smooth: dense bodies, caveolae and cytoplasmic vesicles

171
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

innervation type

A

skeletal: vol
cardiac: in-vol
smooth: in-vol

172
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

efferent innervation

A

skeletal: somatic
cardiac: autonomic
smooth: autonomic

173
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

regulation of contraction

A

skeletal: Ca to troponin
cardiac: Ca to troponin
smooth: phosphorylation of myosin light chain (Ca2+-calmodulin complex)

174
Q

skeletal:
cardiac:
smooth:

mitosis?

A

skeletal: limited
cardiac: no
smooth: yes

175
Q

What is the equivalent of t-tubules in smooth muscle

A

Caveolae

176
Q

What is the equivalent of troponIN in smooth muscle

A

CalmoduLIN

177
Q

What is the equivalent of tropomyosin in smooth muscle

A

Caldesmon

178
Q

What most closely controls RMP in neurons

A

K

179
Q

Ipsp ions

A

Cl. Hyper polarizes

180
Q

Epsp ions

A

Na or Ca. Depolarization

Physiology (4 decks)

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