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Physiology 3 Exam 2 > Phys 3 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Phys 3 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The main function(s) of the system circulation

A

To deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the systemic tissues.
To remove carbon dioxide and other wast products from systemic tissues.

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2
Q

The systemic circulation serves as a ______ for transport of hormones and other substances and allows these substances to potential act at a distant site from their production.

A

conduit

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3
Q

Designed to carry blood under high pressure out to the tissue beds.

A

systemic arteries

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4
Q

Act as control valves to regulate local flow

A

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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5
Q

Exchange between tissue (cells) and blood and are one cell layer thick.

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

Collect blood from capillaries

A

Venules

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7
Q

Return blood to heart/dynamic storage

A

Systemic veins

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8
Q

Basic Theory of Circulatory Function: Blood flow is proportional to ___________.

A

metabolic demand

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9
Q

Basic Theory of Circulatory Function: Cardiac output is controlled by ____________.

A

local tissue flow

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10
Q

Basic Theory of Circulatory Function: Arterial pressure control is independent of ___________.

A

local flow or cardiac output.

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11
Q

Why is arterial pressure kept relatively constant?

A

It allows us to regulate flow.

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12
Q

Cardiac output is equal to __________.

A

Venous return

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13
Q

Components of Vessels

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

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14
Q

One layer of this exists in all vessels

A

Endothelium

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15
Q

Relative composition of the aorta

A

Elastic Tissue > Fibrous Tissue > Smooth Muscle

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16
Q

Relative composition of a typical artery

A

Smooth Muscle > Elastic Tissue > Fibrous Tissue

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17
Q

Relative composition of a vein

A

Elastic tissue = Smooth Muscle = Fibrous Tissue

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18
Q

Relative composition of a capillary

A

Only Endothelium

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19
Q

Ohm’s Law

A 
V = IR
V= voltage
I = current flow
R = resistance
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20
Q

3 parts of hemodynamics

A
  1. Flow (F)
  2. Pressure Gradient (Change in Pressure)
  3. Resistance (R)
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21
Q

The volume of blood that passes a certain point per until time (i.e. ml/min)

A

Flow (F)

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22
Q

When the cross sectional area is increased what happens to the velocity?

A

decreases

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23
Q

Velocity * Cross Sectional Area = ___________

A

Flow

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24
Q

Change in Pressure/Resistance = ___________

A

Flow

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25
Q

Flow is ______ proportional to change in pressure and _______ proportional to resistance (R)

A

directly, inversely

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26
Q

At a given flow, the velocity is ________ proportional to the tool cross sectional area.

A

inversely

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27
Q

Driving force of blood

A

pressure gradient

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28
Q

difference in pressure between two points

A

pressure gradient

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29
Q

pressure gradient is ____ to flow (F)

A

proportional

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30
Q

At a given flow the greater the drop in pressure in a segment of compartment the ________ the resistance to flow.

A

greater

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31
Q

The greatest resistance to flow occurs in the _________.

A

pre-capillary resistance vessels

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32
Q

Pre-capillary resistance vessels

A

arterioles, met-arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters

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33
Q

The systemic circulation is predominantly _______ circuit.

A

parallel

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34
Q

R Total = R1 + R2 + R3……

A

series circuit

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35
Q

R Total < smallest individual R

A

parallel circuit

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36
Q

Advantages of Parallel Circuitry

A
  1. Independence of local flow control (increase/decrease flow to tissues independently)
  2. Minimizes toal peripheral resistance (TPR)
  3. Oxygen rich blood supply to every tissue
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37
Q

Internal friction of a fluid associated with the intermolecular attraction.

A

Viscosity

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38
Q

Blood is a suspension with of viscosity of ____.

A

3, most of viscosity due to red blood cells.

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39
Q

Plasma has a viscosity of _____.

A

1.5

40
Q

Water is the standard with a viscosity of ____.

A

1

41
Q

As velocity decreases viscosity _____ due to elements in blood sticking together.

A

increases

42
Q

Cells can get stuck at constriction points momentarily which ____ apparent viscosity.

A

increases

43
Q

Fibrinogen _____ flexibility of RBC’s

A

increases

44
Q

In small vessels cells line up which decreases viscosity and offsets the above to some degree. This is known as the __________ effect.

A

Fahaeus-Lindquist

45
Q

% of packed cell volume

A

Hematocrit

46
Q

Normal range of hematocrit is

A

38-45%

47
Q

Streamline, Silent, Most Efficient, Normal

A

Laminar Flow

48
Q

Cross mixing, vibrational noise, least efficient, frequently associated with vessel disease (bruit)

A

Turbulent Flow

49
Q

Probability statement for turbulent flow. The greater the R#, the greater the probability for turbulence

A

Reynolds Number

50
Q

If R# < 2000 flow is USUALLY ______.

A

laminar

51
Q

If R# > 3000 flow is USUALLY ______.

A

turbulent

52
Q

When using a doppler ultrasonic flow meter you see a broad band this is associated with which type of flow?

A

turbulent flow

53
Q

When using a doppler ultrasonic flow meter you see a narrow band this is associated with which type of flow?

A

laminar flow

54
Q

Doppler Ultrasonic Flow-meter

A

Ultrasound to determine velocity of flow

55
Q

The gold standard for determining cardiac output

A

indicator dilution

56
Q

The Fick Principal is used to determine

A

cardiac output

57
Q

Venous occlusion plesthymography, doppler ultrasonic flowmeter, and vascular flow cuffs are used to determine.

A

vessel flow

58
Q

What are the 3 ports when talking about the Fick Principal?

A

Input blood concentration of substance x
Output blood concentration of substance x
Addition/removal of substance x from tissue

59
Q

Based on conservation of mass

A

indicator dilution

60
Q

The ability of a vessel to stretch

A

Dispensability

61
Q

The ability of a vessel to stretch and hold volume

A

Compliance

62
Q

Change in Volume/Change Pressure * Initial Volume

A

Dispensability

63
Q

As pressure increases the vessel is ____ distensible.

A

less

64
Q

Change in Volume/Change in Pressure

A

Compliance

65
Q

Distensibility * Initial Volume

A

Compliance

66
Q

In systemic arteries a small change in volume is associated with a ________ change in pressure

A

large

67
Q

In systemic veins a large change in volume is associated with a _______ change in pressure.

A

small

68
Q

Veins are about _____x more distensible than systemic arteries

A

8

69
Q

Veins are ____x more compliant that systemic arteries

A

24

70
Q

Long term control of blood flow involves changes in ________.

A

tissue vascularity

71
Q

Short term control of blood flow invokes

A

vasodilatation and vasoconstriction of pre-capillary resistance vessels

72
Q

Arterioles are richly innervated by SNS _______ fibers and have ______ receptors

A

vasoconstrictor, alpha

73
Q

Involves vasoconstriction/vasodilatation of pre-capillary resistance vessels

A

short term local control of flow

74
Q

Active tissue release local vasodilator (metabolites) which relax vascular smooth muscle

A

local vasodilator theory

75
Q

As tissue uses up oxygen, vascular smooth muscle can’t maintain constriction

A

oxygen demand theory

76
Q

Adenosine, carbon dioxide, adenosine phosphate compounds, histamine, potassium ions, hydrogen ions, PGE & PGI series prostaglandins are all examples of _________.

A

local vasodilators

77
Q

The ability to keep blood flow constant in the face of a changing arterial blood pressure

A

auto regulation

78
Q

T/F Most tissue show some degree of auto regulation

A

true

79
Q

INt he kidney both renal flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are ___________.

A

auto regulated

80
Q

Shear stress caused by enhanced blood flow velocity associated with partial occlusion

A

arteriogenesis

81
Q

Small peptides-stimulate growth of new vessels

A

Angiogenic factors

82
Q

Stress activated endothelium up-regulates expression of _________.

A

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)

83
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

84
Q

Hypoxia cause the release of

A

VEGF

85
Q

Production of VEGF is partly mediated by ________ in response to hypoxia

A

adenosine

86
Q

Stimulates capillary proliferation and may also be invalid in development of collateral arterial vessels

A

VEGF

87
Q

Neuropeptide Y from SNS is

A

angiogenic

88
Q

Hyperactive SNS may compromise collateral blood flow by

A

vasoconstriction

89
Q

Mesenchymal cell differentiate into endothelial cells

A

vasculogenesis

90
Q

formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from pre existing small vessels (usually lacking developed tunica media)

A

angiogenesis

91
Q

rapid proliferation of pre existing collateral vessels with fully developed tunica media

A

arteriogenesis

92
Q

Mechanical Angiogenesis triggers

A

Hemodynamic, Shear stress

93
Q

Chemical Angiogenesis triggers

A

Hypoxia, NO

94
Q

Molecular angiogenesis triggers

A

inflammation, decreased glucose –> increased vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenic growth factors

95
Q

Angiogenic growth factors

A

fibroblast growth factor, VEGF, Placenta growth factor, angiopoietin

Physiology 3 Exam 2 (1 decks)

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