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PHYS/HISTO 3 > PHYS 3 > Flashcards

PHYS 3 Flashcards

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1
Q

High potassium intake greatly increases the potassium secretion rate even at low tubular flow rates. Which of the following best describes the effect of high sodium intake on potassium secretion rate by the kidneys?

A

High sodium intake has little effect on potassium secretion

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2
Q

About 80 Meq of nonvolatile acid is formed by metabolism per day. The minimal urine hydrogen ion concentration is about 0.03 mEq/L What would be the approximate volume of urine required to be excreted if all of the excess hydrogen ions remained free in solution?

A

2700 L 80/0.03

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3
Q

Which of the following are sensory endings (C fibers) in the alveolar wall next to pulmonary capillaries that are sensitive to pulmonary edema?

A

J receptors

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4
Q

Which of the following represents the oxygen utilization coefficient at rest?

A

25%

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5
Q

Which of the following factors decreases potassium uptake by cells?

A

Metabolic acidosis

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6
Q

A hydrogen-transporting ATPase is first encountered in which of the following parts of the renal tubules?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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7
Q

Normally, how much hydrogen ion must be secreted each day in order to reabsorb 4320 mEq of filtered bicarbonate?

A

4320 mEq

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8
Q

Decreased concentration of calcium ion in the plasma would have a direct effect on which of the following?

A

Increased in release of parathyroid hormone

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9
Q

In a normal individual, which of the following represents the maximum transport for glucose?

A

375 mg/min

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10
Q

Which of the following represents a substance that is actively secreted into the renal tubules?

A

Creatinine

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11
Q

Which is the lowest limit of pH that can be achieved in the normal kidney?

A

4.5

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12
Q

Which of the following best describes the capillary filtration coefficient?

A

Product of the permeability and filtering surface area if the glomerular capillaries

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13
Q

Which of the following is a vasodilator that may help to offset the effects of vasoconstrictors, especially on afferent arterioles?

A

bradykinin

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14
Q

Much of the oxygen consumed by the kidneys is related to which of the following factors?

A

high rate of active sodium reabsorption

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15
Q

Which of the following is responsible for partially inhibiting micturition except when micturition is desired?

A

pudendal nerves

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16
Q

Without autoregulation, a slight increase in blood pressure could increase GFR up to 225 L/day. How much would this increase urine flow (excretion) ?

A

46.5 L/day normal urine output is 1.5 45+1.5

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17
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in mmHg at the alveolar membrane if the percentage of oxygen in the alveoli is 20 percent?

A

152

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18
Q

Using the Flick principle for calculating the cardiac output, the patient’s resting oxygen consumption volume should be divided by which of the following?

A

The difference between oxygen concentration in the systematic arterial blood and the systemic mixed venous blood

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19
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate if the urine concentration rate of a substance is 125; the flow rate is 2 ml/min; and the plasma concentration of the substance is 1 mg/ml?

A

250

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20
Q

Almost 90 percent of glucose reabsorption occurs in the early proximal tubule. Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for moving glucose from the tubular lumen into the cytoplasmic compartment?

A

Secondary active transport via a sodium/glucose cotransporter

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21
Q

A 24 yr old woman presents to the ED with severe diarrhea. When she is supine, her blood pressure is 90/60 and her heart rate is 100 bpm. When she is moved to a standing position, her heart rate increases to 120 bpm. Which of the following accounts for the further increase in heart rate upon standing?

A

decreased venous return

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22
Q

which of the following factors results in hypokalemia?

A

excess secretion of aldosterone

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23
Q

an increase in which of the following factors will result in a decrease in flomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

afferent arteriolar pressure

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24
Q

which of the following centers acts to control the switch off point of the inspiratory ramp signal?

A

pneumotaxic center

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25
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is formed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. It is secreted by specialized neurons from which of the following areas?

A

Posterior pituitary

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26
Q

A normal 70 kg human must excrete about 600 mosm of solute each day in order to get rid of waste products of metabolism and ions that are ingested. The maximal urine concentrating ability is 1200. Which of the following represents the obligatory urine volume that must be excreted each day to get rid of metabolic waste products.

A

0.5 L/day

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27
Q

ADH acts on which of the following regions of the nephron?

A

distal convoluted tubule

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28
Q

which of the following reflects the amount of urine that the kidneys can excrete per day when there is a large excess of water?

A

20

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29
Q

Which of the following reflects the maximum urine concentration that can be produced by the kidneys?

A

1200-1400 mOsml/L

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30
Q

Because of paracellular diffusion of ions back into the tubule, what is the upper liit of the concentration gradient created by the countercurrent multiplier mechanism?

A

200

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31
Q

Osmoreceptor cells are located in which of the following regions?

A

in the anterior part of the third ventricle

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32
Q

Which of the following would NOT shift the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the right and downward?

A

A decrease in BPG (bi-phosphoglycerate)

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33
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate?

A

70%

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34
Q

Which respiratory control center is primarily responsible for establishing the ramp signal during normal breathing?

A

dorsal respiratory group

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35
Q

What is the source of the hormone aldosterone?

A

adrenal cortex

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36
Q

Magnesium and calcium are reabsorbed from the tubular lumen thought which of the following mechanisms

A

paracellular transport due to positive charge in tubular lumen

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37
Q

Shrinkage of osmoreceptor cells in the anterior hypothalamus in response to an increase in the extracellular fluid osmolarity leads to the release of which of the following?

A

ADH

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38
Q

Chemoreceptors associated with which of the respiratory functions increase their rate of activity when hypoxia or hypercapnia occur?

A

TRUE

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39
Q

Most of the filtered electrolytes are reabsorbed in which of the following regions of the kidney tubules

A

proximal convoluted tubule

40
Q

The lower pH of the tubular fluid brings the operating range of the buffer closer to the pK of which of the following systems?

A

phosphate

41
Q

Which of the following would NOT be true regarding the Haldane effect?

A

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right

42
Q

Which of the following must happen before filtered bicarbonate can be reabsorbed

A

Filtered bicarbonate must react with secreted hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid

43
Q

Which of the following segments of the nephron is NOT permeable to water?

A

Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH

44
Q

Renal autoregulation refers to the relative constancy of GFR and renal blood flow. A decrease in arterial pressure and glomerular filtration rate ultimately leads to a reduction in the concentration of sodium ions at the macula densa. This results in which of the following responses that ultimately restores GFR?

A

Release of renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus

45
Q

GFR is determined by the net filtration pressure and the glomerular capillary filtration coefficient. Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on increased GFR?
Glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

46
Q

Minimum change disease occurs when the negative charges on the filtration membrane of the glomerulus are not present. What abnormality in the urine would be expected under these conditions?

A

Urine would contain excess albumin

47
Q

A number of hormones are involved in the control of glomerular filtration rate. Which of the following preferentially constricts the efferent arterioles but has little to no effect on the afferent arterioles?

A

angiotensin II

48
Q

Which of the following, in liters/day, represents the GFR in the average adult human?

A

180

49
Q

An increase in which of the following factors will result in a decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

afferent arteriolar resistance

50
Q

Approximately how much of the total cardiac output is received by the kidneys?

A

25% (last test)

51
Q

The macula densa is found in which of the following parts of the renal tubule?

A

distal convoluted tutbule

52
Q

Which of the following properties is a measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus may be distended?

A

Compliance (last exam)

53
Q

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is formed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. It is secreted by specialized neurons from which of the following areas?

A

Posterior pituitary

54
Q

The thin descending loop of henle is highly permeable to which of the following?

A

water

55
Q

Aldosterone is an important regulator of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion; one of its main targets is what?

A

principal cells

56
Q

Which of the following cells play a major role in the secretion of potassium?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

57
Q

Primary active hydrogen secretion involves a hydrogen-transporting ATPase. It occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubules?

A

Late distal tubules in intercalated cells

58
Q

Which portion of the renal tubules is the primary site of K+ sparing diuretics?

A

Late distal tubule

59
Q

A normal 70 kg human must excrete about 600 mOsm of solute each day in order to get rid of waste products of metabolism and ions that are ingested. The maximal urine concentrating ability is 1200 mOsm/L. Which of the following represents the obligatory urine volume that must be excreted each day to get rid of metabolic waste products?

A

0.5L/day

60
Q

ADH acts on which of the following regions of the nephron?

A

distal convoluted tubule

61
Q

Which of the following reflects the amount of urine that the kidneys can excrete per day when there is a large excess of water?

A

20L

62
Q

Which of the following reflects the maximum urine concentration that can be produced by the kidneys?

A

1200-1400 mOsml/L

63
Q

Osmoreceptor cells are located in which of the following regions?

A

In the anterior part of the third ventricle

64
Q

Which of the following segments of the nephron is NOT permeable to water?

A

Ascending loop of Henle in the presence of ADH

65
Q

Where in the kidney tubules are most of the filtered electrolytes reabsorbed?

A

Proximal tubule

66
Q

ADH is formed in which of the following regions?

A

Supraoptic nuclei, and paraventricular nuclei

67
Q

Which of the following plays a major role in stimulating potassium excretion by the kidney tubules?

A

Aldosterone

68
Q

Approximately how much of the body’s supply of calcium is stored in bone?

A

99%

69
Q

How much of filtered calcium is excreted by the kidneys?

A

1%

70
Q

Which of the following cells reabsorb potassium during potassium depletion?

A

Intercalated cells

71
Q

A high potassium intake would have which of the following effects on potassium excretion associated with increased renal tubular flow rate?

A

Potassium excretion would increase with increased tubular flow rate

72
Q

Which of the following describes a valid change in potassium distribution de to an acid-base abnormality?

A

Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K+ concentration

73
Q

Which of the following buffer systems is most important in buffering renal tubular fluid?

A

phosphate buffer system

74
Q

Compounds that dissociate incompletely into hydrogen ions and a conjugate base are members of which of the following compounds?

A

weak acids

75
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system consists of a bicarbonate salt and which of the following?

A

weak acid (H2CO3)

76
Q

Which of the following buffer system is the most important extracellular buffer system?

A

bicarbonate buffer system

77
Q

Most bicarbonate reabsorption occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubule?

A

proximal tubule

78
Q

Which of the following occurs when a decrease in a bicarbonate ion results in a decrease in the ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid?

A

Metabolic acidosis

79
Q

Respiratory alkalosis due to a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration caused by hyperventilation is compensated for by which of the following mechanisms?

A

Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion

80
Q

Which of the following would be a result of increased levels of angiotensin II

A

increased vasoconstriction

81
Q

A 1-sodium, 2-chloride, 1-potassium co-transporter is found in the luminal membrane of which part of the renal tubule?

A

Thick ascending limb of Henle

82
Q

Which of the following are important in allowing larger amounts of hydrogen ions to be excreted?

A

Phosphate, and ammonia buffer system

83
Q

If tidal volume is 0.5 L, dead space is 0.15 L, and breathing rate is 12 times per minute, calculate the minute ventilation

A

6.0 L

84
Q

The solubility of oxygen =0.024; the solubility of carbon dioxide = 0.57. Because carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen, it will exert a partial pressure (for a given concentration) that is less than 1/20th that of oxygen. This relationship between partial pressures and solubility illustrates which of the following gas laws?

A

Henry’s

85
Q

If tidal volume is 0.5 L, dead space is 0.15 L, and breathing rate is 12 times per minute; calculate the minute alveolar ventilation.

A

4.2 L

86
Q

Humidification of air in the alveoli has which of the following effects on the partial pressure of nitrogen and oxygen in the alveoli?

A

It decreases the partial pressure of each of the other gases

87
Q

The range in the pressure change (in cm of water) in alveolar pressure during inspiration is expressed by which of the following?

A

0 to -1

88
Q

What would the Va/Q ratio for alveolar air with a PO2 of 104 and a PCO2 of 40?

A

0.8

89
Q

Which of the following would be characteristic of alveoli lacking perfusion, as in the case of pulmonary embolism?

A

Va/Q ratio = infinity

90
Q

Under normal conditions at rest, which of the following patterns regarding pulmonary blood flow would be most likely?

A

Apices: zone 2; middle part of lungs: zone 3; lower part of lungs: zone 3

91
Q

The pulmonary circulation can be divided into two systems. Which of the following best describes the system supplying the trachea, bronchial tree, and rest of the interstitium?

A

High pressure - low flow

92
Q

Which of the following represents the mean pulmonary arterial pressure in mmHg?

A

15

93
Q

The most common cause of pulmonary edema is left sided heart failure or mitral valve disease. Pulmonary edema occurs when pulmonary capillary pressure exceeds which of the following levels?

A

25 mmHg

94
Q

The pulmonary circulation can be divided into two systems. Which of the following best describes the system supplying the pulmonary artery branches and the alveoli?

A

Low pressure - high flow

95
Q

During exercise, which of the following patterns regarding pulmonary blood flow would be most likely?

A

Apices: zone 3; middle part of lungs: zone 3; lower part of longs: zone 3

PHYS/HISTO 3 (2 decks)

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