Phys 2 Exam 1

Question 1

Parvicellular

Answer 1

Anterior Pituitary

Question 2

Magnocellular

Answer 2

Posterior Pituitary

Question 3

Perchlorate, Thiocyanate

Answer 3

Inhibit Na+ and I- cotransport (treat hyperthyroidism)

Question 4

PTU

Answer 4

Inhibit peroxidase enzyme (treat hyperthyroidism)

Question 5

Wolff-Chailoff effect

Answer 5

Inhibition of organification due to high levels of I-

Question 6

Cellular effects of thyroid hormones

Answer 6

Basal metabolic rate
B-adrenergic effects
Brain maturation
Bone “turnover”

Question 7

Hashimotos

Answer 7

Hypothyroid
Immune attack thyroid
Increased TSH
Increased TRH
Goiter Possible
Low T4

Question 8

Graves disease

Answer 8

Hyperthyroidism
TSI mimics TSH
Low TSH
Low TRH
High T4
Goiter possible

Question 9

Pituitary Hypothyroidism

Answer 9

Secondary Hypothyroidism
High TRH
Low TSH
Low T4

Question 10

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) location and regulator

Answer 10

Zona Glomerulosa
Ang II and K+

Question 11

Glucorticoids (cortisol) location and regulator

Answer 11

Zona Fasciculata
ACTH from Anterior Pituitary

Question 12

Androgens (DHEA/Test) location and regulator

Answer 12

Zona Reticularis
ACTH

Question 13

Catecholamines (Epi/Norepi) location and regulator

Answer 13

Medulla
ACTH/Cortisol/Ach

Question 14

Catecholamine Production Location

Answer 14

Chromaffin cells
Dopamine converted to NE by Dopamine B Hydroxylase (DBH)
NE converted to EPI by PMNT

Question 15

Cortisol Pathway

Answer 15

CRH –> Ant Pit –> POMC gene –> ACTH –> Adrenal gland –> Cortisol

Question 16

Chronic POMC –> ACTH stimulation

Answer 16

MSH (melanin stimulating hormone)

Question 17

Metabolic effects of glucorticoids

Answer 17

Will increase glucose, FFA’s and AA’s

Question 18

Cushing Syndrome

Answer 18

Excess cortisol

Question 19

Aldosterone regulation

Answer 19

1.) RAAS specifically ANG 2
2.) Increased K+ increase aldosterone secretion
3.) High levels of ACTH

Question 20

Addison’s Disease

Answer 20

Low cortisol and aldosterone
Increased ACTH increase MSH and pigmentation
Hypoglycemia
Increased lymphocytes
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Hypotension

Question 21

Primary hypercortisolism

Answer 21

Increased cortisol
Low ACTH

Question 22

Conn’s syndrome (primary hyper aldosterone)

Answer 22

Increased aldosterone
Low ANG2

Question 23

Insulin release by

Answer 23

Beta cells

Question 24

Glucagon released by

Answer 24

Alpha cells

Question 25

Somatostatin released by

Answer 25

Delta cells

Question 26

Normal resting blood sugar

Answer 26

80-100mg/dL

Question 27

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 27

Normal: 2hr <140 and never >200
Diabetes: 2hr and 1 other value >200
IR: >upper limits of normal but < the diabetes

Question 28

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 28

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leads to less insulin production and decrease glucose uptake

Question 29

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 29

Release more insulin to keep up with glucose levels (B-cell hyperplasia) leads to B cell fatigue (hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia) and then b-cell failure (high glucose low insulin)

Question 30

HbA1C

Answer 30

Normal 6 (114BG)
Good 6-7.5 (115-164BG)
Poor 7.6-9 (167-214BG)
Very Poor >9 (>214)
Mean Glucose = 33.3xHBA1C-86

Question 31

Surgical outcome

Answer 31

HBA1C predicts mortality and AKI